# PeptideKnow — Full Reference

Total peptides: 134
Total categories: 21

## BPC-157
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/bpc-157
Also known as: Body Protection Compound-157, Bepecin, PL 14736, Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC-157
Categories: Healing & Recovery, Pain & Inflammation, Cognitive & Nootropic
BPC-157 is a synthetic 15-amino acid peptide derived from a naturally occurring protective protein isolated from human gastric juice. Originally characterized by researchers at the University of Zagreb, it has become one of the most extensively studied research peptides across a broad range of preclinical models. Its exceptional stability in gastric acid allows oral administration, distinguishing it from many therapeutic peptides that require injection.
Molecular weight: 1419.5 g/mol
Sequence: 15 amino acids

## TB-500
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/tb-500
Also known as: Thymosin Beta-4 Fragment, Ac-LKKTETQ, Tβ4 Active Fragment
Categories: Healing & Recovery, Muscle Growth, Pain & Inflammation
TB-500 is a synthetic heptapeptide corresponding to the N-acetylated active fragment (amino acids 17–23) of the endogenous 43-amino acid signaling protein thymosin beta-4. First isolated from thymus tissue in the 1960s, thymosin beta-4 is one of the most abundant G-actin sequestering molecules in mammalian cells. The TB-500 fragment retains the key LKKTET sequence responsible for much of the biological activity while offering improved bioavailability.
Molecular weight: 4963.4 Da (full Tβ4); ~803 Da (active fragment Ac-LKKTETQ)
Sequence: 43 amino acids (full Tβ4); 7 amino acids (TB-500 fragment)

## CJC-1295
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/cjc-1295
Also known as: CJC-1295 DAC, Drug Affinity Complex-GHRH, Modified GHRH 1-29
Categories: Growth Hormone Secretagogues, Muscle Growth, Anti-Aging & Longevity
CJC-1295 is a 29-amino acid synthetic analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), structurally based on the first 29 amino acids of native GHRH with four amino acid substitutions to improve stability, plus an attached Drug Affinity Complex (DAC) component. The DAC modification allows covalent binding to serum albumin, dramatically extending the half-life to several days and enabling sustained GH and IGF-1 elevation lasting up to 28 days after a single dose.
Molecular weight: 3647.28 g/mol

## Ipamorelin
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/ipamorelin
Also known as: NNC 26-0161
Categories: Growth Hormone Secretagogues, Muscle Growth, Anti-Aging & Longevity
Ipamorelin is a selective synthetic pentapeptide growth hormone secretagogue, developed as part of a major chemistry program targeting GHRP analogs. Unlike older GHRPs, ipamorelin is notable for its high selectivity for GH release without significantly stimulating cortisol or ACTH secretion, even at doses over 200 times the effective GH-releasing dose. This selectivity makes it one of the most widely used GHRPs in research and clinical peptide protocols.
Molecular weight: 711.87 g/mol

## GHRP-6
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/ghrp-6
Also known as: Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-6, His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2
Categories: Growth Hormone Secretagogues, Muscle Growth, Healing & Recovery
GHRP-6 was one of the first synthetic growth hormone secretagogues discovered, derived from the structure of the endogenous opioid peptide met-enkephalin. It is a hexapeptide that acts as a potent ghrelin receptor agonist. Unlike ipamorelin, GHRP-6 stimulates both GH release and prolactin and cortisol to a moderate degree, and is known for strong appetite stimulation. It also shows cardioprotective properties through mechanisms partially distinct from GH release.
Molecular weight: 873.03 g/mol

## GHRP-2
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/ghrp-2
Also known as: Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-2, Pralmorelin, KP-102
Categories: Growth Hormone Secretagogues, Muscle Growth
GHRP-2 is a synthetic hexapeptide derived from met-enkephalin structure that functions as a potent GHS-R1a agonist. It is one of the most potent GHRPs in terms of GH release amplitude, capable of stimulating pulsatile GH secretion by over threefold compared to GHRH alone. GHRP-2 is approved in some countries for diagnostic testing of GH secretory capacity (as pralmorelin). It stimulates both GH and to a lesser extent ACTH and cortisol, making it less selective than ipamorelin.
Molecular weight: 817.93 g/mol

## Sermorelin
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/sermorelin
Also known as: GRF 1-29, GHRH 1-29, Geref
Categories: Growth Hormone Secretagogues, Anti-Aging & Longevity
Sermorelin is a synthetic 29-amino acid peptide that represents the shortest fully functional fragment of endogenous growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). It was FDA-approved as a diagnostic agent and later as a therapeutic for GH deficiency in children. Sermorelin's mechanism closely mimics the natural pulsatile GHRH release cycle, preserving the physiological negative feedback loop and making it a preferred choice in anti-aging and hormone optimization protocols.
Molecular weight: 3357.93 g/mol

## Tesamorelin
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/tesamorelin
Also known as: Egrifta, TH9507
Categories: Growth Hormone Secretagogues, Weight Loss & Metabolic
Tesamorelin is a synthetic stabilized analog of GHRH composed of the full 44-amino acid sequence of GHRH, conjugated with a trans-3-hexenoic acid modification that dramatically extends its half-life to 26-38 minutes. It is the most potent GHRH analog commercially available and is FDA-approved for reducing visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in HIV-associated lipodystrophy. Tesamorelin is also being explored for cognitive enhancement, metabolic health, and longevity applications.
Molecular weight: 5135.67 g/mol

## Hexarelin
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/hexarelin
Also known as: Examorelin, EP-23905
Categories: Growth Hormone Secretagogues, Healing & Recovery
Hexarelin is a synthetic hexapeptide member of the GHRP family with potent GH-releasing activity. It is unique among GHRPs for its demonstrated direct cardiovascular effects that are independent of GH secretion. Hexarelin binds to CD36, a multifunctional scavenger receptor expressed in cardiomyocytes and microvascular endothelial cells, triggering dose-dependent coronary vasoconstriction and conferring cardioprotective effects against ischemia-reperfusion injury in GH-deficient and senescent animals.
Molecular weight: 887.06 g/mol

## PT-141
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/pt-141
Also known as: Bremelanotide, Vyleesi
Categories: Sexual Health
PT-141 (bremelanotide) is an FDA-approved peptide therapy developed from the melanocortin system, derived originally from Melanotan II. During early Melanotan II clinical trials at the University of Arizona, 9 out of 10 male volunteers experienced spontaneous erections, prompting targeted development of a compound specifically for sexual dysfunction. Unlike PDE-5 inhibitors (Viagra, Cialis), PT-141 acts centrally on the nervous system rather than the vascular system, making it effective for both men and women.
Molecular weight: 1025.18 g/mol

## Melanotan II
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/melanotan-ii
Also known as: MT-II, Melanotan-2
Categories: Sexual Health, Skin & Hair
Melanotan II is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide analog of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH). Originally developed at the University of Arizona as a sunless tanning agent, it non-selectively activates melanocortin receptors MC1R through MC5R. While it produces strong skin pigmentation, its activation of MC3R and MC4R also drives spontaneous erectile responses and sexual stimulation, effects that led to development of the more targeted PT-141. Melanotan II is not FDA-approved and carries significant safety concerns.
Molecular weight: 1024.18 g/mol

## AOD-9604
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/aod-9604
Also known as: Anti-Obesity Drug 9604, GH Fragment 176-191 Modified
Categories: Weight Loss & Metabolic
AOD-9604 is a modified peptide fragment corresponding to amino acids 176-191 from the C-terminal region of human growth hormone, with a stabilizing tyrosine modification. It was engineered to isolate the fat-metabolizing properties of growth hormone without producing growth-promoting, insulin-sensitizing, or IGF-1-stimulating effects. Preclinical research demonstrates significant fat reduction, particularly visceral and subcutaneous fat, via beta-3 adrenergic receptor upregulation.
Molecular weight: 1817.12 g/mol

## Fragment 176-191
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/fragment-176-191
Also known as: GH Fragment 176-191, HGH Frag 176-191, AOD-9401
Categories: Weight Loss & Metabolic
Fragment 176-191 refers to the unmodified C-terminal peptide fragment of human growth hormone spanning amino acids 176-191. It is the precursor compound from which AOD-9604 was developed via a stabilizing tyrosine modification. Research suggests antilipogenic activity primarily through inhibition of fat formation rather than direct lipolysis stimulation, representing a slightly different activity profile than AOD-9604.
Molecular weight: 1647 g/mol

## Epithalon
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/epithalon
Also known as: Epitalon, Epithalamin synthetic, AEDG peptide
Categories: Anti-Aging & Longevity, Sleep
Epithalon (also spelled Epitalon) is a synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) that replicates the activity of Epithalamin, a natural polypeptide extract from the pineal gland studied by Russian researcher Professor Vladimir Khavinson beginning in the 1980s. It has become one of the most researched bioregulator peptides, with studies demonstrating telomerase activation, telomere elongation in human somatic cells, melatonin restoration, and potential lifespan extension in animal models.
Molecular weight: 390.35 g/mol

## Thymosin Alpha-1
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/thymosin-alpha-1
Also known as: Ta1, Thymalfasin, Zadaxin
Categories: Immune Support, Anti-Aging & Longevity
Thymosin Alpha-1 (Tα1) is a 28-amino acid peptide naturally secreted by the thymus gland that plays a central role in T-cell maturation, differentiation, and immune function. It was among the first thymic peptides to be structurally characterized and has been developed into the drug thymalfasin (Zadaxin), which has received FDA orphan drug designation and is approved in multiple countries for hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and certain cancers. It was studied extensively during the COVID-19 pandemic for immune modulation.
Molecular weight: 3108.33 g/mol

## GHK-Cu
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/ghk-cu
Also known as: Copper Peptide, Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine copper complex, GHK-Cu2+
Categories: Skin & Hair, Anti-Aging & Longevity, Healing & Recovery
GHK-Cu is a naturally occurring tripeptide copper complex (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) first identified in human plasma in the 1970s. It functions as one of the most potent gene regulators among known peptides, influencing the activity of over 4,000 human genes. GHK-Cu levels decline by more than 60% between early adulthood and age 60, correlating with visible skin aging and reduced tissue repair capacity. It is extensively studied in dermatology, wound healing, and systemic anti-aging applications.
Molecular weight: 340.38 g/mol (peptide); 403.91 g/mol (copper complex)

## Selank
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/selank
Also known as: Selanke, TP-7, Selank intranasal
Categories: Cognitive & Nootropic, Neuroprotective, Pain & Inflammation
Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide developed by the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It is based on a fragment of immunoglobulin G (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro) combined with a tuftsin fragment. Unlike classical anxiolytics, Selank reduces anxiety without sedation, making it suitable for daytime cognitive enhancement. It primarily influences GABAergic and serotonergic systems while also exhibiting neuroprotective and immune-modulating properties. It is registered as a medicine in Russia.
Molecular weight: 751.86 g/mol

## Semax
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/semax
Also known as: ACTH 4-7 analog, Heptapeptide Semax
Categories: Cognitive & Nootropic, Neuroprotective
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide derived from a fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH 4-7) with an added Pro-Gly-Pro stabilizing tripeptide. Developed in Russia, it is registered as a pharmaceutical for cognitive enhancement, neuroprotection, and stroke recovery. Unlike Selank which primarily reduces anxiety, Semax has a stronger focus on neuroplasticity and cognitive performance through BDNF upregulation and dopaminergic enhancement. It is considered one of the most potent nootropic peptides in Russian pharmacology.
Molecular weight: 812.94 g/mol

## DSIP
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/dsip
Also known as: Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide, Delta Sleep Peptide
Categories: Sleep, Neuroprotective, Pain & Inflammation
Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide (DSIP) is a natural nonapeptide originally isolated from rabbit cerebrospinal fluid in 1977. It was initially characterized for its ability to induce delta (slow-wave) sleep when infused into the thalamic nuclei. Beyond sleep regulation, DSIP has been found to influence the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, exhibit antioxidant and mitochondrial protective effects, reduce stress-induced responses by inhibiting the HPA axis, and potentially modulate pain perception.
Molecular weight: 848.8 g/mol

## Kisspeptin
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/kisspeptin
Also known as: KP-54, KP-10, Kiss-1, Metastin
Categories: Sexual Health, Weight Loss & Metabolic
Kisspeptin refers to a family of peptides (KP-54, KP-14, KP-13, KP-10) encoded by the KISS1 gene, which are essential regulators of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Named after Hershey, Pennsylvania (where they were discovered), they function as master regulators of puberty onset, reproductive cycling, and fertility. KP-54 is the predominant form in humans. Research shows kisspeptin may also link reproductive function with metabolic status, making it a target for both fertility disorders and metabolic disease.
Molecular weight: KP-54: ~6228 Da; KP-10: ~1302.46 g/mol

## Follistatin-344
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/follistatin-344
Also known as: FS-344, Follistatin 344 isoform
Categories: Muscle Growth, Healing & Recovery, Weight Loss & Metabolic
Follistatin-344 is a 344-amino acid isoform of the native glycoprotein follistatin, engineered for targeted research applications. Follistatin is a potent endogenous inhibitor of multiple TGF-β superfamily members, most notably myostatin and activin A, which are primary negative regulators of skeletal muscle mass. Early 2000s research in mice demonstrated that follistatin-344 gene delivery could double muscular tissue mass, establishing it as one of the most powerful anabolic signaling modulators known.
Molecular weight: ~37 kDa (glycosylated form varies)

## IGF-1 LR3
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/igf-1-lr3
Also known as: Long R3 IGF-1, [Arg3]IGF-1 Extended, LR3-IGF-1
Categories: Muscle Growth, Healing & Recovery, Anti-Aging & Longevity
IGF-1 LR3 (Long R3 IGF-1) is a synthetic 83-amino acid analog of human IGF-1, engineered with two modifications: a 13-amino acid N-terminal extension and a glutamic acid to arginine substitution at position 3. These changes reduce IGF Binding Protein (IGFBP) affinity by approximately 1000-fold compared to native IGF-1, while maintaining full IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) binding. The result is dramatically prolonged in vivo activity as the peptide cannot be sequestered by circulating IGFBPs, extending its anabolic window from hours to over 24 hours.
Molecular weight: 9117.53 g/mol

## MGF
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/mgf
Also known as: Mechano Growth Factor, IGF-1Ec, IGF-1Eb (rodent), PEG-MGF
Categories: Muscle Growth, Healing & Recovery
Mechano Growth Factor (MGF) is a splice variant of IGF-1 (the IGF-1Ec isoform in humans, IGF-1Eb in rodents) produced in skeletal muscle in response to mechanical load, exercise, and muscle damage. Unlike systemic IGF-1 which drives myoblast differentiation, MGF specifically activates satellite cell proliferation through a receptor distinct from IGF-1R. It expands the pool of muscle stem cells before differentiation signals arrive, representing the first response to mechanical injury. Pegylated MGF (PEG-MGF) is a stabilized research form with extended half-life.
Molecular weight: ~2867 Da (E-domain peptide)

## ACE-031
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/ace-031
Also known as: Soluble ActRIIB-Fc, ACVR2B-Fc fusion protein
Categories: Muscle Growth
ACE-031 is a fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of activin receptor type IIB (ActRIIB) fused to the Fc region of human IgG1. By acting as a 'decoy receptor,' it sequesters myostatin, activin A, GDF-11, and other negative muscle regulators before they can engage native receptors. Early clinical trials in Duchenne muscular dystrophy boys showed trends for maintained walking distance and increased lean mass, but development was halted due to non-muscle vascular adverse events (telangiectasias, epistaxis).
Molecular weight: ~50 kDa (dimer form)

## SS-31
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/ss-31
Also known as: Elamipretide, Bendavia, MTP-131
Categories: Mitochondrial, Anti-Aging & Longevity, Healing & Recovery
SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a synthetic aromatic-cationic tetrapeptide designed specifically to target and protect mitochondria. Its structure enables rapid penetration of mitochondrial membranes and selective binding to cardiolipin, the unique phospholipid of the inner mitochondrial membrane. SS-31 has demonstrated the extraordinary ability to reverse pre-existing cardiac aging dysfunction in old mice after 8 weeks of treatment, representing one of the most compelling demonstrations of mitochondria-targeted anti-aging therapy.
Molecular weight: 638.8 g/mol

## MOTS-c
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/mots-c
Also known as: Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA-c, Mitochondrial Derived Peptide
Categories: Mitochondrial, Anti-Aging & Longevity, Weight Loss & Metabolic
MOTS-c is a 16-amino acid mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP) encoded by a short open reading frame within the 12S rRNA gene of mitochondrial DNA. It is one of the most recently discovered endogenous peptide hormones, identified in 2015, and functions as a regulator of metabolic homeostasis and aging. Plasma MOTS-c levels decline ~21% by ages 70-81 compared to young adults, and exogenous MOTS-c treatment has demonstrated remarkable metabolic rescue effects in aging and obese models including prevention of diet-induced and age-related insulin resistance.
Molecular weight: 2174.5 g/mol

## Humanin
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/humanin
Also known as: HN, HNG (potent analog), Mitochondrial Derived Peptide 1
Categories: Mitochondrial, Neuroprotective, Anti-Aging & Longevity
Humanin is a 21-amino acid mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP) encoded by the 16S rRNA region of mitochondrial DNA. It was the first MDP discovered, originally identified in neurons surviving from Alzheimer's disease-affected brain tissue, and has since been shown to have cytoprotective, neuroprotective, and anti-aging effects across multiple tissues. Humanin levels decline with age and are reduced in diseases including Alzheimer's and MELAS syndrome. A potent analog, HNG (where Ser14 is replaced by Gly), shows approximately 1000-fold greater potency.
Molecular weight: ~2456 Da

## 5-Amino-1MQ
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/5-amino-1mq
Also known as: 5-Amino-1-methylquinolinium, NNMT inhibitor
Categories: Weight Loss & Metabolic, Mitochondrial, Anti-Aging & Longevity, Related Compounds
5-Amino-1MQ is a small-molecule methylquinolinium derivative that functions as a selective inhibitor of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT), an enzyme that consumes NAD+ precursors and regulates cellular energy metabolism. While technically a small molecule rather than a classical peptide, it is often discussed alongside peptide therapies due to its metabolic effects. By blocking NNMT, it prevents wasteful methylation of nicotinamide, preserving NAD+ availability and activating longevity-associated pathways.
Molecular weight: 174.2 g/mol

## Dihexa
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/dihexa
Also known as: PNB-0408, N-hexanoic-Tyr-Ile-(6) aminohexanoic amide
Categories: Cognitive & Nootropic, Neuroprotective
Dihexa is a synthetic small peptide derived from angiotensin IV, developed at Washington State University as a hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) mimetic. It has demonstrated extraordinary potency as a cognitive enhancer in rodent models — reportedly 7 orders of magnitude more potent than BDNF in promoting synaptogenesis. It has the key advantage of oral bioavailability and blood-brain barrier penetration, addressing two major limitations of most neuropeptides. Animal studies show reversal of cognitive deficits from Alzheimer's-like conditions to near-normal levels.
Molecular weight: 476.7 g/mol

## Cerebrolysin
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/cerebrolysin
Also known as: FPF-1070, Neuropeptide preparation, Porcine brain neuropeptides
Categories: Cognitive & Nootropic, Neuroprotective
Cerebrolysin is a lipid-free neuropeptide preparation produced by standardized enzymatic breakdown of purified porcine brain proteins. The resulting mixture of low-molecular-weight neuropeptides and free amino acids (all below 10 kDa) can cross the blood-brain barrier and interact directly with neurons, unlike most endogenous neurotrophic factors. With data from more than 200 clinical trials involving approximately 15,000 patients, it has one of the most extensive clinical databases of any nootropic peptide preparation, including studies in stroke, TBI, Alzheimer's disease, and vascular dementia.
Molecular weight: Mixture; components <10,000 Da

## P21
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/p21
Also known as: NAPVSIPQ, P021 peptide, Neurotrophic peptide P21
Categories: Cognitive & Nootropic, Neuroprotective
P21 (also called P021) is a synthetic tetrapeptide derived from the CNTF (ciliary neurotrophic factor) binding interface and designed to mimic neurotrophic signaling without the typical side effects of full CNTF. Research by Iqbal and colleagues at the New York State Institute for Basic Research has shown P21 stimulates BDNF expression, promotes neurogenesis, reduces amyloid-beta deposition, and decreases tau hyperphosphorylation in Alzheimer's disease models. It also supports dendritic architecture and synaptic protein expression.
Molecular weight: ~500-600 Da

## Davunetide
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/davunetide
Also known as: NAP, AL-108, NAPVSIPQ
Categories: Cognitive & Nootropic, Neuroprotective
Davunetide (NAP, NAPVSIPQ) is an 8-amino acid neuroprotective peptide derived from the activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP). It was first identified as a neuroprotective factor secreted by VIP-stimulated astrocytes and represents the shortest active fragment capable of protecting neurons. It has been characterized as the first drug to improve memory performance by targeting microtubule stability mechanisms underlying neurofibrillary tangles. Davunetide was studied in Phase II clinical trials for schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP).
Molecular weight: 823.91 g/mol

## FGL
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/fgl
Also known as: Fibroblast Growth Loop, NCAM-derived peptide, Neural cell adhesion molecule peptide
Categories: Cognitive & Nootropic, Neuroprotective
FGL is a 15-amino acid peptide synthesized from the interconnecting loop region of the second fibronectin type III module in the extracellular domain of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). It mimics NCAM-fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) interactions, driving neurotrophic, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects. Phase I clinical trials have demonstrated safety and acceptable pharmacokinetics after intranasal administration, and it is in clinical development for neurodegenerative diseases.
Molecular weight: ~1733 Da

## Pinealon
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/pinealon
Also known as: EDR peptide, Glutamylaspartylarginine, Glu-Asp-Arg
Categories: Cognitive & Nootropic, Neuroprotective, Anti-Aging & Longevity
Pinealon is a synthetic tripeptide bioregulator (Glu-Asp-Arg) classified as a cytogen — a peptide that directly interacts with DNA to modulate gene expression rather than acting through classical receptor pathways. Developed by Professor Vladimir Khavinson from research on brain tissue extracts, particularly the pineal gland, it targets the central nervous system with multimodal neuroprotective activity. It influences mitochondrial enzyme activity, reduces lipid peroxidation, and has shown neuroprotective effects against various brain insults.
Molecular weight: 418.40 g/mol

## Vilon
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/vilon
Also known as: Lys-Glu, Lysylglutamate, KE dipeptide
Categories: Immune Support, Anti-Aging & Longevity
Vilon is a synthetic dipeptide (Lys-Glu) bioregulator developed by Professor Vladimir Khavinson from amino acid analysis of Thymalin, a natural thymus extract with immunomodulatory properties. It is one of the simplest bioactive peptides known, yet demonstrates measurable effects on immune cell proliferation, gene expression via chromatin remodeling, potential lifespan extension in animal models, and anti-inflammatory cytokine regulation. Its mechanism involves selective deheterochromatinization — epigenetic activation of silenced gene regions in aging cells.
Molecular weight: 275.30 g/mol

## LL-37
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/ll-37
Also known as: Cathelicidin LL-37, hCAP-18 C-terminal fragment, CAMP peptide
Categories: Antimicrobial, Immune Support, Healing & Recovery
LL-37 is a 37-amino acid cationic antimicrobial peptide (AMP), the only known member of the cathelicidin family in humans. It is generated by proteolytic cleavage of the precursor protein hCAP-18 by serine proteases. LL-37 adopts a characteristic amphipathic alpha-helical structure in membrane environments that is critical for its membrane-disrupting antimicrobial activity. Beyond killing microbes, LL-37 has extensive immunomodulatory, wound-healing, and anti-cancer properties, making it a multifunctional innate immune molecule.
Molecular weight: 4493.33 g/mol

## Thymulin
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/thymulin
Also known as: Facteur Thymique Serique, FTS, Zinc-thymulin
Categories: Immune Support, Anti-Aging & Longevity
Thymulin (facteur thymique sérique, FTS) is a nonapeptide hormone produced exclusively by thymic epithelial cells, characterized by its unique zinc-binding requirement for biological activity. Thymulin circulates in blood in free (inactive) and zinc-bound (active) forms. Its levels decline progressively from adolescence through advanced age, correlating with thymic involution and immunosenescence. Research demonstrates roles in T-cell maturation, anti-inflammatory cytokine regulation, NF-κB modulation, and potential thymic rejuvenation in aging.
Molecular weight: 857.0 g/mol (zinc complex ~924 Da)

## Semaglutide
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/semaglutide
Also known as: Ozempic, Wegovy, Rybelsus
Categories: Weight Loss & Metabolic
Semaglutide is an FDA-approved synthetic 31-amino acid analog of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), modified with a C18 fatty acid chain via a linker to albumin for extended half-life (~7 days). Originally approved for type 2 diabetes (Ozempic, 2017), it received approval for chronic weight management (Wegovy, 2021) after demonstrating ~15% average body weight reduction in the STEP-1 trial. It has since demonstrated remarkable cardiovascular benefits (20% reduction in MACE in the SELECT trial) and is being investigated for kidney disease, NASH, Alzheimer's disease, and addiction.
Molecular weight: 4113.58 g/mol

## Tirzepatide
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/tirzepatide
Also known as: Zepbound, Mounjaro, LY3298176
Categories: Weight Loss & Metabolic
Tirzepatide is an FDA-approved first-in-class dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist peptide that simultaneously activates both glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors. The addition of GIP receptor agonism to GLP-1R activation produces superior weight loss outcomes compared to GLP-1 monotherapy alone. The SURMOUNT-1 trial demonstrated 20.9% average body weight reduction with tirzepatide 15 mg, surpassing semaglutide results in head-to-head SURMOUNT-5 trial. Approved for T2D (Mounjaro, 2022) and obesity (Zepbound, 2023).
Molecular weight: 4813.5 g/mol

## Retatrutide
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/retatrutide
Also known as: LY3437943, Triple G agonist
Categories: Weight Loss & Metabolic, Related Compounds
Retatrutide is an investigational first-in-class triple agonist targeting GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors simultaneously. Developed by Eli Lilly, it has demonstrated the most impressive weight loss data of any peptide to date — up to 28.7% body weight reduction in the Phase III TRIUMPH-4 trial at 68 weeks. The addition of glucagon receptor agonism (beyond GLP-1 and GIP) targets the liver directly (which lacks GLP-1/GIP receptors but is rich in glucagon receptors), potentially providing unique benefits for NASH/MAFLD treatment through improved hepatic fat oxidation and antifibrotic effects.
Molecular weight: ~5000 g/mol
Sequence: ~39 amino acids (modified peptide with GLP-1/GIP/glucagon receptor binding domains + C20 fatty diacid)

## Kisspeptin-10
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/kisspeptin-10
Also known as: KP-10, Metastin 45-54, KISS1 45-54 amide
Categories: Sexual Health, Reproductive & Fertility
Kisspeptin-10 (KP-10) is the shortest biologically active form of kisspeptin, corresponding to the last 10 amino acids of the KISS1 gene product. While less potent than KP-54 for LH secretion, it is useful for research and reproductive interventions. Emerging research suggests kisspeptin peptides including KP-10 may have applications in sexual dysfunction beyond fertility — it activates the same GnRH-LH axis that mediates sexual arousal, and research is exploring its potential as a treatment for hypoactive sexual desire and psychosexual dysfunction.
Molecular weight: 1302.46 g/mol

## Cortagen
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/cortagen
Also known as: Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro, Brain cortex bioregulator
Categories: Cognitive & Nootropic, Neuroprotective
Cortagen is a synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro) bioregulator developed by Professor Vladimir Khavinson based on amino acid analysis of cortexin, a polypeptide preparation from the cerebral cortex with neurotrophic activity. It is classified as a cytogen that interacts directly with DNA to influence gene expression in neural tissue. Research focuses particularly on its regenerative effects on peripheral nerve tissue, with studies demonstrating axonal regeneration and functional recovery after sciatic nerve injury.
Molecular weight: 430.42 g/mol

## Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/vip
Also known as: VIP, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide
Categories: Immune Support, Pain & Inflammation
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is a naturally occurring 28-amino acid neuropeptide found in the nervous system and immune cells throughout the body. It acts as both a neurotransmitter and a hormone with diverse physiological roles including smooth muscle relaxation, vasodilation, regulation of gastrointestinal secretions, and insulin secretion. VIP's immunomodulatory properties, particularly its potent anti-inflammatory effects, have made it a research target for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, including experimental arthritis and multiple sclerosis.
Molecular weight: 3325.8 g/mol

## Octreotide
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/octreotide
Also known as: Sandostatin, SMS 201-995
Categories: Healing & Recovery
Octreotide is a synthetic octapeptide analog of somatostatin with markedly extended half-life (~2 hours IV vs 1-3 minutes for native somatostatin). FDA-approved for acromegaly (excess GH) and symptomatic treatment of metastatic carcinoid tumors and VIPomas, it is one of the most clinically important peptide drugs in medicine. It mimics the inhibitory effects of endogenous somatostatin on growth hormone, glucagon, and gastrointestinal hormones while also causing vascular smooth muscle contraction to reduce splanchnic blood flow.
Molecular weight: 1019.24 g/mol

## Liraglutide
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/liraglutide
Also known as: Victoza, Saxenda, NN2211
Categories: Weight Loss & Metabolic
Liraglutide is an FDA-approved GLP-1 receptor agonist peptide with 97% structural homology to human GLP-1, modified with a fatty acid side chain enabling self-aggregation and albumin binding for extended half-life (~13 hours). Approved for type 2 diabetes (Victoza, 2010) and obesity (Saxenda, 2014), it was the pioneering GLP-1 agonist demonstrating meaningful cardiovascular risk reduction (LEADER trial: 13% reduction in MACE). Its relatively shorter half-life than semaglutide requires daily dosing, but it established the GLP-1 class as cardiovascular-protective weight loss agents.
Molecular weight: 3751.20 g/mol

## Oxytocin
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/oxytocin
Also known as: Pitocin, Syntocinon, Love hormone
Categories: Sexual Health, Cognitive & Nootropic
Oxytocin is a 9-amino acid cyclic neuropeptide synthesized in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary. Colloquially known as the 'love hormone' or 'bonding hormone,' it plays key roles in social bonding, trust, sexual behavior, childbirth, and lactation. FDA-approved as Pitocin for labor induction and postpartum hemorrhage prevention, intranasal oxytocin is widely researched for social cognition enhancement in autism spectrum disorder, PTSD, anxiety, and as a potential cognitive and relationship enhancer.
Molecular weight: 1007.19 g/mol

## Substance P
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/substance-p
Also known as: SP, Neurokinin 1 receptor agonist
Categories: Pain & Inflammation, Neuroprotective
Substance P is an 11-amino acid neuropeptide belonging to the tachykinin family, functioning as a key neurotransmitter and neuromodulator involved in pain signal transmission, inflammation, and the gut-brain axis. It is produced by primary afferent neurons, the central nervous system, and immune cells. While primarily known for its role in pain signaling (NK1 receptor activation), substance P also regulates neurogenesis, wound healing, and immune modulation, leading to research into both NK1 antagonists (for pain and nausea) and substance P agonism (for wound healing and hair growth).
Molecular weight: 1347.63 g/mol

## KPV
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/kpv
Also known as: Lys-Pro-Val, Alpha-MSH C-terminal tripeptide
Categories: Healing & Recovery, Immune Support, Pain & Inflammation
KPV (Lys-Pro-Val) is the C-terminal active tripeptide fragment of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH). It retains the anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective properties of full α-MSH but without the pigmentation and melanocortin signaling effects, making it highly targeted for gut and wound healing applications. Research has demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory effects in inflammatory bowel disease models, and the peptide can be effectively delivered orally due to intestinal epithelial uptake via the PepT1 transporter.
Molecular weight: 341.44 g/mol

## Thymogen
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/thymogen
Also known as: Glu-Trp, Glutamyl-tryptophan
Categories: Immune Support, Anti-Aging & Longevity
Thymogen is a synthetic dipeptide (Glu-Trp) bioregulator derived from the thymus and representing another member of the Khavinson peptide family. It combines glutamic acid and tryptophan to provide immunomodulatory effects primarily targeting T-lymphocyte function. Research suggests it modulates T-cell differentiation, balances cytokine profiles, and may have applications in immune deficiency states associated with aging, chronic illness, or post-chemotherapy recovery.
Molecular weight: 333.36 g/mol

## Cerebrolysin Peptide Fraction
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/cerebrolysin-peptide-fraction
Also known as: CNTF-derived fragments, NAP/Davunetide relationship
Categories: Cognitive & Nootropic, Neuroprotective
Individual peptide fractions within Cerebrolysin preparation include components that mimic BDNF, GDNF, NGF, and CNTF activity. Research has identified specific small peptide sequences within the preparation responsible for distinct neuroprotective activities, including fragments that activate neurotrophic factor receptors TrkA, TrkB, and GFRα1-4. Understanding these individual fractions has guided development of targeted synthetic analogs including Davunetide (NAP) which was derived from the ADNP-related neuroprotective activity associated with VIP-stimulated neuroprotection.
Molecular weight: Multiple fractions <10,000 Da

## NAD+ Peptide Complex
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/nad-peptide-complex
Also known as: NAD+, Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
Categories: Anti-Aging & Longevity, Mitochondrial
While NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is technically a coenzyme rather than a peptide, it is a central component of peptide therapy protocols targeting mitochondrial function and aging. NAD+ levels decline 50%+ with aging, contributing to mitochondrial dysfunction, reduced DNA repair, and epigenetic aging. IV NAD+ therapy and oral NAD+ precursors (NMN, NR) are widely used alongside mitochondrial peptides (SS-31, MOTS-c) and NNMT inhibitors (5-Amino-1MQ) in comprehensive anti-aging protocols.
Molecular weight: 663.43 g/mol

## Somatostatin
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/somatostatin
Also known as: SRIH, GHIF, Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone, SST
Categories: Healing & Recovery, Pain & Inflammation
Somatostatin is a naturally occurring cyclic 14-amino acid neuropeptide (with an alternate 28-amino acid form) produced in the hypothalamus, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. It acts as a broad inhibitor of endocrine and exocrine secretion, suppressing growth hormone, TSH, insulin, glucagon, and multiple GI hormones. Its ultrashort plasma half-life of under three minutes drove the development of longer-acting synthetic analogs including octreotide, lanreotide, and pasireotide that are widely used in clinical practice.
Molecular weight: 1637.9 g/mol

## PACAP (Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/pacap
Also known as: PACAP-38, PACAP-27, ADCYAP1
Categories: Neuroprotective, Cognitive & Nootropic
PACAP is a 38-amino acid neuropeptide (with a shorter 27 AA form) belonging to the secretin/glucagon/VIP superfamily. It is one of the most potent known neuroprotective peptides, safeguarding neurons against ischemic, oxidative, and excitotoxic insults across multiple brain regions. PACAP plays important roles in neuronal differentiation, synaptic plasticity, and circadian rhythm regulation. Its diverse receptor profile and potent activity make it a significant research target for neurodegenerative diseases, traumatic brain injury, and PTSD.
Molecular weight: 4534.2 g/mol (PACAP-38)

## Leuprolide
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/leuprolide
Also known as: Leuprorelin, Lupron, GnRH Agonist
Categories: Sexual Health, Immune Support
Leuprolide is a synthetic nonapeptide analog of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) with approximately 80-fold greater potency than the natural hormone. Paradoxically, continuous (non-pulsatile) administration causes GnRH receptor downregulation, leading to profound suppression of LH, FSH, and downstream sex hormones. This mechanism is exploited therapeutically for prostate cancer, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, precocious puberty, and as part of gender-affirming hormone therapy protocols.
Molecular weight: 1209.4 g/mol

## Defensin HNP-1
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/defensin-hnp-1
Also known as: Human Neutrophil Peptide-1, Alpha-Defensin 1, DEFA1
Categories: Antimicrobial, Immune Support
HNP-1 (Human Neutrophil Peptide-1) is a 30-amino acid cationic alpha-defensin stored in the azurophilic granules of human neutrophils and released during phagocytosis and degranulation. It is one of the most abundant antimicrobial peptides in human blood, acting as a rapid-response innate immune effector against bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses. Alpha-defensins also modulate adaptive immunity by recruiting dendritic cells and T lymphocytes, bridging innate and adaptive immune responses.
Molecular weight: 3442 Da

## Magainin-2
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/magainin-2
Also known as: Magainin II, PGLa analogue, African clawed frog AMP
Categories: Antimicrobial
Magainin-2 is a 23-amino acid amphipathic alpha-helical antimicrobial peptide first isolated from the skin of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis by Michael Zasloff in 1987. Its discovery was seminal in establishing the field of antimicrobial peptide research. Magainin-2 exhibits potent broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and protozoa with minimal mammalian cell toxicity, making it a primary structural template for synthetic antibiotic drug development.
Molecular weight: 2466.9 g/mol

## Nisin
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/nisin
Also known as: Nisin A, Nisin Z, Lantibiotic AMP
Categories: Antimicrobial
Nisin is a 34-amino acid polycyclic antimicrobial lantibiotic peptide produced by Lactococcus lactis that has been used as a food preservative for over six decades (FDA GRAS status since 1988). It is highly effective against gram-positive bacteria including antibiotic-resistant strains such as MRSA, VRE, and Clostridioides difficile. Unlike conventional antibiotics, resistance to nisin develops very slowly due to its dual mechanism combining membrane pore formation with inhibition of cell wall biosynthesis.
Molecular weight: 3354 Da

## GE2270A
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/ge2270a
Also known as: Amythiamicin related, EF-Tu inhibitor peptide
Categories: Antimicrobial
GE2270A is a thiopeptide antibiotic produced by Planobispora rosea that inhibits bacterial translation by targeting elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu). It represents a structurally distinct class of antimicrobial peptides with a unique bacterial ribosome mechanism. While its poor aqueous solubility has historically limited development, GE2270A and related thiopeptides serve as important pharmacological tools for studying bacterial protein synthesis and as templates for next-generation antibiotics targeting the EF-Tu pathway.
Molecular weight: 1196.3 g/mol

## Copper Peptide GHK
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/ghk-tripeptide
Also known as: Gly-His-Lys, GHK free tripeptide, Human plasma tripeptide
Categories: Skin & Hair, Healing & Recovery, Anti-Aging & Longevity
GHK (Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) is the copper-free form of the GHK-Cu complex naturally present in human plasma, saliva, and urine. Serum levels decline dramatically with age—from approximately 200 ng/mL at age 20 to under 80 ng/mL by age 60—correlating with impaired healing and reduced tissue maintenance. The peptide alone has some biological activity but achieves its full spectrum of effects when complexed with copper (Cu²⁺) to form GHK-Cu. Both forms are used in cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical research.
Molecular weight: 340.38 g/mol (GHK); 402.9 g/mol (GHK-Cu)

## Matrixyl (Pal-KTTKS)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/matrixyl
Also known as: Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4, Pal-KTTKS, SYN-COLL
Categories: Skin & Hair, Anti-Aging & Longevity
Matrixyl (palmitoyl pentapeptide-4, Pal-KTTKS) is a lipophilic pentapeptide conjugate representing a fragment of the type I procollagen C-propeptide (KTTKS, residues 1-5). The palmitoyl group provides membrane permeability for transdermal delivery. Matrixyl is among the most widely studied and commercially used anti-aging cosmeceutical peptides, with randomized controlled clinical trials demonstrating measurable reductions in wrinkle depth and improvements in skin texture. It works by acting as a matrikine—a matrix-derived signal peptide that feeds back to stimulate extracellular matrix synthesis.
Molecular weight: 802.1 g/mol

## Argireline (Acetyl Hexapeptide-3)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/argireline
Also known as: Acetyl Hexapeptide-3, AcHex-8, Argirelin, SNAP-8 predecessor
Categories: Skin & Hair
Argireline (acetyl hexapeptide-3) is a synthetic hexapeptide inspired by the N-terminal sequence of SNAP-25, a SNARE complex protein involved in neuromuscular junction signaling. By competing with SNAP-25 for SNARE complex assembly, Argireline reduces neurotransmitter release at neuromuscular junctions and thereby attenuates the repetitive facial muscle contractions that generate dynamic expression lines. Often called 'botox in a cream,' it is one of the top-selling peptide cosmeceuticals globally with clinical evidence for wrinkle reduction.
Molecular weight: 889.0 g/mol

## PTD-DBM (Hair Loss Peptide)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/ptd-dbm
Also known as: CXXC5 inhibitor peptide, Protein Transduction Domain-DBM
Categories: Skin & Hair
PTD-DBM is a synthetic peptide designed to block the interaction between CXXC-type zinc finger protein 5 (CXXC5) and Dishevelled (Dvl) proteins in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. CXXC5 acts as a negative feedback regulator that suppresses Wnt signaling in hair follicles. By disrupting the CXXC5-Dvl interaction, PTD-DBM reactivates Wnt pathway signaling in dermal papilla cells, promoting hair follicle regeneration and potentially offering a novel therapeutic approach for androgenetic alopecia and other forms of hair loss.
Molecular weight: ~3500 Da (fusion peptide)

## Syn-Ake
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/syn-ake
Also known as: Dipeptide Diaminobutyroyl Benzylamide Diacetate, Snake venom peptide mimic, Waglerin-1 analog
Categories: Skin & Hair
Syn-Ake is a synthetic tripeptide analog of Waglerin-1, the main neurotoxic peptide from the venom of the temple pit viper Tropidolaemus wagleri. Like its natural template, Syn-Ake antagonizes muscular nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in a reversible, competitive manner, reducing the intensity and frequency of facial muscle contractions without causing true neurotoxicity. Applied topically, it is marketed as a 'snake venom in a cream' cosmeceutical for smoothing expression lines, and clinical studies support improvements in wrinkle appearance.
Molecular weight: 473.54 g/mol

## Cagrilintide
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/cagrilintide
Also known as: AM833, Long-acting amylin analog
Categories: Weight Loss & Metabolic
Cagrilintide is a long-acting acylated amylin analog developed by Novo Nordisk. Amylin is a 37-amino acid peptide co-secreted with insulin from pancreatic beta cells that suppresses postprandial glucagon, slows gastric emptying, and promotes satiety. Cagrilintide's extended half-life allows once-weekly subcutaneous dosing. When combined with semaglutide (as CagriSema), the dual amylin/GLP-1 mechanism produced up to 25.2% weight loss in Phase II trials, with Phase III data anticipated in 2025–2026.
Molecular weight: ~4400 Da (with acyl chain)

## Pramlintide
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/pramlintide
Also known as: Symlin, Amylin Analog
Categories: Weight Loss & Metabolic
Pramlintide (brand name Symlin) is a synthetic 37-amino acid analog of human amylin with three proline substitutions that prevent the spontaneous aggregation and fibrillation that occurs with native amylin. It was FDA-approved in 2005 as an adjunct to mealtime insulin therapy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes to improve postprandial glycemic control. Beyond glycemic management, pramlintide produces modest but consistent weight loss (1–2 kg in clinical trials) through appetite suppression and gastric emptying delay.
Molecular weight: 3949.4 g/mol

## Epitalon (Extended)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/epitalon-extended
Also known as: Epithalamin
Categories: Sleep, Anti-Aging & Longevity
See Epithalon entry for core data. In the context of sleep physiology, Epithalon's primary pineal mechanism involves restoration of circadian melatonin release patterns that decline with aging. Research by Khavinson and colleagues has shown that Epithalon supplementation in elderly subjects restores night-time melatonin surges toward youthful levels, normalizes the circadian pattern of cortisol, and improves overall sleep architecture. This pineal bioregulation is considered central to Epithalon's anti-aging effects, as melatonin orchestrates multiple repair and restoration processes during sleep.
Molecular weight: 390.35 g/mol

## Ziconotide
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/ziconotide
Also known as: Prialt, SNX-111, ω-Conotoxin MVIIA analog
Categories: Pain & Inflammation
Ziconotide (Prialt) is a 25-amino acid synthetic equivalent of ω-conotoxin MVIIA, a peptide toxin from the cone snail Conus magus. FDA-approved in 2004 for severe chronic pain, it represents a first-in-class N-type calcium channel blocker. Because it cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, ziconotide is administered by intrathecal infusion directly into the cerebrospinal fluid. It is indicated for patients with refractory pain who have failed or cannot tolerate systemic opioids or other analgesics.
Molecular weight: 2639.1 g/mol

## CGRP (Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/cgrp
Also known as: α-CGRP, β-CGRP, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide-1
Categories: Pain & Inflammation, Neuroprotective
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) is a 37-amino acid neuropeptide produced by alternative splicing of the calcitonin gene, expressed abundantly in trigeminal sensory neurons. It is the most potent endogenous vasodilator known and plays a central role in migraine pathophysiology. CGRP itself is not used therapeutically; rather, anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies (erenumab, fremanezumab, galcanezumab) and CGRP receptor antagonists ('gepants': rimegepant, ubrogepant) targeting this peptide have revolutionized migraine prevention and acute treatment.
Molecular weight: 3789.3 g/mol

## MK-677 (Ibutamoren)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/mk-677
Also known as: Ibutamoren, Ibutamoren Mesylate, Nutrobal, MK-0677
Categories: Growth Hormone Secretagogues, Muscle Growth, Anti-Aging & Longevity
MK-677 (ibutamoren) is a potent, orally active, non-peptide GHS-R1a (ghrelin receptor) agonist that mimics ghrelin to stimulate pulsatile growth hormone secretion and sustained IGF-1 elevation. Unlike injectable GH secretagogue peptides, MK-677 is orally bioavailable with a half-life of approximately 24 hours, enabling once-daily dosing. It has been investigated in clinical trials for GH deficiency, muscle wasting (HIV/AIDS, surgery recovery), osteoporosis, and as a potential anti-aging agent. It increases GH pulse amplitude without significantly altering pulse frequency.
Molecular weight: 624.77 g/mol

## Carnosine
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/carnosine
Also known as: Beta-Alanyl-L-Histidine, L-Carnosine, Ignotine
Categories: Anti-Aging & Longevity, Neuroprotective, Muscle Growth
Carnosine is an endogenous dipeptide (β-alanyl-L-histidine) found in high concentrations in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and neuronal tissue. It is a multifunctional bioactive molecule with antioxidant, metal-chelating, anti-glycation, and pH-buffering properties. Muscle carnosine levels decline with age and are elevated by beta-alanine supplementation. In the context of aging, carnosine has attracted attention for its ability to prevent protein glycation, chelate redox-active metals (Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺), and extend cellular lifespan in culture studies. It has also been studied for cognitive protection and exercise performance.
Molecular weight: 226.23 g/mol

## Thymalfasin (Thymosin Alpha-1 Clinical)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/thymalfasin
Also known as: Zadaxin, Tα1, SCV-07
Categories: Immune Support, Anti-Aging & Longevity
Thymalfasin is the pharmaceutical-grade, synthetic form of thymosin alpha-1 (Tα1), marketed under the brand name Zadaxin. It is approved in over 37 countries for treatment of chronic hepatitis B, chronic hepatitis C, and as an adjuvant in cancer immunotherapy. During the COVID-19 pandemic, thymalfasin was used in China and other countries with evidence of mortality reduction in severe cases. Unlike conventional immunostimulants, thymalfasin acts as an immune modulator—normalizing immune function in states of both immunodeficiency and autoimmune dysregulation.
Molecular weight: 3108 g/mol

## Noopept
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/noopept
Also known as: GVS-111, N-phenylacetyl-L-prolylglycine ethyl ester, Omberacetam
Categories: Cognitive & Nootropic, Neuroprotective
Noopept (GVS-111) is a synthetic dipeptide-derived nootropic compound that acts as a prodrug for cycloprolylglycine (CPG), an endogenous neuropeptide that modulates AMPA receptor function and has neurotrophic activity. Developed in Russia in the 1990s, Noopept is estimated to be approximately 1000 times more potent by weight than piracetam (though this comparison is mechanistically distinct). It is available as a prescription medication in Russia for cognitive disorders and widely used globally as a cognitive enhancer.
Molecular weight: 318.37 g/mol

## Dihexa
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/dihexa-pnb0408
Also known as: PNB-0408, Angiotensin IV analog, Synaptogenic peptide
Categories: Cognitive & Nootropic, Neuroprotective
Dihexa (PNB-0408) is a small hexapeptide derived from angiotensin IV that exhibits extraordinarily potent synaptogenic activity—reportedly 10 million times more potent than BDNF by molar concentration in promoting synapse formation in hippocampal neuronal cultures. Developed at Washington State University, Dihexa works through a novel mechanism involving hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor c-Met rather than through classical peptide hormone receptors. It crosses the blood-brain barrier and is orally active, making it a compelling candidate for neurodegenerative disease treatment.
Molecular weight: ~870 Da

## BPC-157 + TB-500 Stack
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/bpc-tb500-stack
Also known as: Wolverine Stack, Healing Stack, BPC-TB combo
Categories: Healing & Recovery, Muscle Growth
The BPC-157 + TB-500 combination, sometimes called the 'Wolverine Stack,' is one of the most studied and widely referenced peptide synergy protocols in the research community. The two peptides have complementary and largely non-overlapping mechanisms—BPC-157 acts primarily on local tissue repair via VEGF/FAK signaling while TB-500 mobilizes systemic stem cell populations and actin cytoskeletal repair. Used together, they address healing from multiple angles: inflammatory modulation, vascularization, stem cell recruitment, connective tissue synthesis, and neurological repair.
Molecular weight: See individual entries

## SHuffle Peptide (Elamipretide Context)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/elamipretide-ss31-context
Also known as: SS peptide class, Szeto-Schiller peptides, Mitochondria-targeted peptides
Categories: Mitochondrial, Anti-Aging & Longevity
The Szeto-Schiller (SS) peptide class, developed by Hazel Szeto and Peter Schiller, represents a family of cell-permeable, mitochondria-targeted aromatic-cationic peptides that selectively accumulate 1000-fold in the inner mitochondrial membrane without relying on the transmembrane potential. SS-31 (elamipretide) is the lead compound, but the structural class includes SS-02, SS-19, and SS-20 with varying selectivity for different mitochondrial targets. The SS peptide approach established the principle that cardiolipin-targeting peptides could restore mitochondrial architecture and bioenergetics in aging and disease.
Molecular weight: Class ranges 500–1000 Da depending on member

## Thymosin Beta-4 Fragment (Ac-SDKP)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/ac-sdkp
Also known as: N-Acetyl-Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro, Acetyl-N-Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro, Goralatide
Categories: Immune Support, Healing & Recovery
Ac-SDKP (N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline) is a naturally occurring tetrapeptide released from thymosin beta-4 by prolyl oligopeptidase and ACE2 cleavage. It is a powerful regulator of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation, inhibiting entry of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells into the S-phase of the cell cycle—protecting them from cycle-dependent cytotoxic damage during chemotherapy. Ac-SDKP also exerts significant antifibrotic effects in the heart, kidneys, and lungs, and is hydrolyzed by ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme), explaining why ACE inhibitors elevate plasma Ac-SDKP levels.
Molecular weight: 488.5 g/mol

## Interferon-Tau
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/interferon-tau
Also known as: IFN-τ, Trophoblast Interferon, Ovine interferon-tau
Categories: Immune Support
Interferon-tau (IFN-τ) is a unique type I interferon produced by the trophoblast cells of ruminants during early pregnancy. Unlike other type I interferons (α, β), IFN-τ exhibits potent immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties at doses that do not cause the fever, flu-like symptoms, or toxicity typical of IFN-α therapy. Oral IFN-τ has been investigated for autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus, with the interesting property that mucosal (oral) administration avoids systemic toxicity while maintaining immunomodulatory efficacy.
Molecular weight: ~19,000 Da

## Cortistatin
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/cortistatin
Also known as: CST-14, CST-17, CST-29
Categories: Neuroprotective, Pain & Inflammation
Cortistatin is a neuropeptide related to somatostatin that is expressed predominantly in cortical interneurons. Unlike somatostatin, cortistatin binds with high affinity to all five somatostatin receptors (SSTR1-5) as well as to MrgX2/MRGPRX2 and the ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a). In addition to neuroendocrine regulatory functions, cortistatin has potent and novel anti-inflammatory properties mediated through MRGPRX2, making it a research target for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Cortistatin-14 is the predominant C-terminal form active in the brain.
Molecular weight: 1638 g/mol (CST-14)

## NAP (Davunetide) Extended Notes
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/nap-davunetide-context
Also known as: AL-108, ADNP peptide, NAPVSIPQ
Categories: Neuroprotective, Cognitive & Nootropic
NAP (NAPVSIPQ) represents a critical bridge between VIP-based neuroprotection and practical clinical peptide therapeutics. The discovery that a single 8-amino acid sequence from the ADNP protein (activity-dependent neuroprotective protein) could recapitulate much of VIP's neuroprotective activity led to development of davunetide as an intranasal therapeutic. ADNP haploinsufficiency causes the ADNP syndrome (Helsmoortel-Van der Aa syndrome), a rare autism spectrum disorder characterized by intellectual disability and is caused by de novo mutations, confirming ADNP/NAP as essential for brain development. These genetic findings have revitalized clinical interest.
Molecular weight: 823.9 g/mol

## Glucagon
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/glucagon
Also known as: GCG, Hyperglycemic factor, Emergency glucose peptide
Categories: Weight Loss & Metabolic
Glucagon is a 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide hormone secreted by alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans in response to hypoglycemia. Its primary function is to counteract insulin by stimulating hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, raising blood glucose levels. In modern metabolic medicine, glucagon receptors are also implicated in energy expenditure, food intake, and lipid metabolism, making glucagon receptor agonism or modulation a component of multi-agonist weight loss therapeutics. Retatrutide, for example, is a triple GLP-1/GIP/glucagon agonist where the glucagon component contributes to energy expenditure enhancement.
Molecular weight: 3482.8 g/mol

## Insulin (Endogenous Peptide)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/insulin
Also known as: Human Insulin, Proinsulin-derived, IRI
Categories: Weight Loss & Metabolic
Insulin is a 51-amino acid peptide hormone produced by pancreatic beta cells, consisting of an A-chain (21 AA) and B-chain (30 AA) connected by two disulfide bonds. It is the master regulator of glucose metabolism and protein synthesis, functioning through the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase (INSR) to stimulate glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, lipogenesis, and protein anabolism while suppressing lipolysis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis. Synthetic insulin analogs (fast-acting: lispro, aspart, glulisine; long-acting: glargine, detemir, degludec) have revolutionized diabetes management.
Molecular weight: 5807.6 g/mol

## Ghrelin
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/ghrelin
Also known as: Hunger hormone, Growth hormone secretagogue peptide, GHS-R1a ligand
Categories: Growth Hormone Secretagogues, Weight Loss & Metabolic
Ghrelin is a 28-amino acid acylated peptide hormone produced primarily by X/A-like cells of the gastric fundus. It is the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a), stimulating GH release, appetite, and gastric motility. As the only known circulating orexigenic (appetite-stimulating) hormone and the endogenous counterpart to synthetic GHS-R1a agonists like GHRP-2, GHRP-6, Ipamorelin, and MK-677, ghrelin occupies a central position in metabolic and GH physiology research. Its unique octanoyl group modification at Ser3 is essential for GHS-R1a binding.
Molecular weight: 3370.9 g/mol

## BNP (Brain Natriuretic Peptide) / Nesiritide
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/bnp-nesiritide
Also known as: Brain Natriuretic Peptide, Nesiritide, Natrecor, B-type NP
Categories: Healing & Recovery, Pain & Inflammation
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) is a 32-amino acid cardiac-derived natriuretic peptide produced primarily by ventricular cardiomyocytes in response to increased myocardial wall stress and volume overload. It acts through natriuretic peptide receptors (NPR-A) to reduce cardiac preload and afterload, making it both a diagnostic biomarker (NT-proBNP) and a therapeutic target. Nesiritide (Natrecor), a recombinant BNP, was FDA-approved in 2001 for acutely decompensated heart failure, providing rapid preload and afterload reduction through natriuresis, vasodilation, and sympatholysis.
Molecular weight: 3464.0 g/mol

## ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/anp
Also known as: Atrial Natriuretic Factor, ANF, Carperitide, Atriopeptin
Categories: Healing & Recovery, Pain & Inflammation
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) is a 28-amino acid peptide hormone released from cardiac atria in response to increased atrial pressure and volume overload. As the first natriuretic peptide identified (1981 by de Bold et al.), ANP established the concept of the heart as an endocrine organ. Carperitide, the synthetic recombinant ANP, is approved and widely used in Japan for acute heart failure, where it has accumulated substantial clinical evidence. ANP also has roles in regulating lipolysis, reducing inflammation, and suppressing the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
Molecular weight: 3079.5 g/mol

## Cholecystokinin (CCK)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/cholecystokinin
Also known as: CCK, Pancreozymin, CCK-8, CCK-33
Categories: Weight Loss & Metabolic, Cognitive & Nootropic
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide hormone found in multiple forms (CCK-8, CCK-33, CCK-58) secreted by enteroendocrine I-cells of the duodenum and jejunum in response to dietary fat and protein. It is among the most important physiological satiety signals, acting centrally via vagal afferents to terminate meals and promote satiety. CCK also stimulates gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion, facilitating fat and protein digestion. In the CNS, CCK acts as a neuromodulator influencing anxiety, analgesia, and memory formation.
Molecular weight: 1143.2 g/mol (CCK-8)

## PYY (Peptide YY)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/pyy
Also known as: Peptide Tyrosine-Tyrosine, PYY 3-36, PYY(3-36)
Categories: Weight Loss & Metabolic
Peptide YY (PYY) is a 36-amino acid gut peptide released from L-cells of the distal intestine and colon in proportion to caloric intake. The truncated form PYY(3-36), generated by DPP-4 cleavage, is the predominantly circulating active form and acts via Y2 receptors in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus to suppress appetite and reduce food intake. PYY is a major component of the physiological 'ileal brake' mechanism and is often combined with GLP-1 in emerging obesity therapeutics. Intranasal PYY administration has shown promising weight loss results in Phase II trials.
Molecular weight: 4310.0 g/mol (full PYY); 4056.7 g/mol (PYY 3-36)

## Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Peptides
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/tsh-peptide-fragments
Also known as: TSH analogs, Thyrotropin peptides, TSH receptor peptides
Categories: Healing & Recovery
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH/thyrotropin) is a 92 kDa glycoprotein pituitary hormone, but specific peptide fragments derived from its sequences have been studied as research tools and potential therapeutics. TSH receptor (TSHR) activating peptides have been investigated in models of thyroid function restoration and ophthalmopathy associated with Graves' disease. Additionally, TSH peptide fragments have been explored in immunology as tools to understand TSHR autoimmunity. This entry focuses on the concept of TSH-derived peptide research rather than native TSH itself.
Molecular weight: Varies by fragment

## Desmopressin (DDAVP)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/desmopressin
Also known as: DDAVP, Minirin, 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin, dDAVP
Categories: Healing & Recovery
Desmopressin (DDAVP) is a synthetic analog of arginine vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH) with two structural modifications: deamination of the N-terminal cysteine and substitution of L-arginine with D-arginine at position 8. These modifications eliminate the vasopressor activity present in native vasopressin and extend the antidiuretic half-life from minutes to 6–8 hours. FDA-approved for central diabetes insipidus, primary nocturnal enuresis, nocturia, and hemophilia A/von Willebrand disease (via V2/V1b receptor-mediated factor VIII and vWF release), desmopressin is one of the most widely used peptide drugs in endocrinology.
Molecular weight: 1069.2 g/mol

## Terlipressin
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/terlipressin
Also known as: Glypressin, Triglycyl-lysine vasopressin, Lucassin
Categories: Healing & Recovery, Pain & Inflammation
Terlipressin is a synthetic vasopressin analog and prodrug designed for selective splanchnic vasoconstriction with reduced systemic vasopressor effects compared to vasopressin. FDA-approved in 2022 for hepatorenal syndrome type 1 (HRS-1) and widely used in Europe for esophageal variceal bleeding, terlipressin is cleaved in vivo to lysine-vasopressin, which acts on V1a receptors to produce prolonged, preferential splanchnic vasoconstriction. This reduces portal hypertension, limits variceal bleeding, and in HRS-1 improves renal perfusion by redirecting blood flow from the splanchnic circulation.
Molecular weight: 1227.4 g/mol

## Plecanatide
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/plecanatide
Also known as: Trulance, SP-333, Uroguanylin analog
Categories: Healing & Recovery
Plecanatide (Trulance) is a synthetic 16-amino acid analog of uroguanylin, an endogenous gut peptide hormone that regulates intestinal fluid and electrolyte secretion via guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C) receptor activation. FDA-approved in 2017 for chronic idiopathic constipation and irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C), plecanatide acts locally in the intestinal epithelium to stimulate fluid secretion and accelerate intestinal transit without systemic drug exposure, as it is minimally absorbed. The pH-dependent activation by uroguanylin is preserved in plecanatide.
Molecular weight: 1681.9 g/mol

## Linaclotide
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/linaclotide
Also known as: Linzess, Constella, GC-C agonist peptide
Categories: Healing & Recovery, Pain & Inflammation
Linaclotide (Linzess/Constella) is a 14-amino acid synthetic peptide agonist of guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C) that is structurally derived from the heat-stable enterotoxin (STa) produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli—the cause of traveler's diarrhea. FDA-approved in 2012 for chronic idiopathic constipation and IBS-C, linaclotide works locally in the intestinal epithelium to stimulate fluid secretion and reduce visceral pain sensitivity. It was the first GC-C agonist approved and established the mechanism for this therapeutic class.
Molecular weight: 1527.7 g/mol

## Exendin-4 (Exenatide)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/exenatide
Also known as: Byetta, Bydureon, Exenatide, Exendin-4
Categories: Weight Loss & Metabolic
Exendin-4 is a 39-amino acid peptide originally isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum) that shares 53% sequence homology with human GLP-1 but has a much longer half-life of 2.4 hours due to resistance to DPP-4 cleavage at its N-terminus. The synthetic form, exenatide (Byetta/Bydureon), was the first GLP-1 receptor agonist approved by the FDA (2005) for type 2 diabetes management. It demonstrated that pharmacological GLP-1 receptor agonism was a viable therapeutic approach, paving the way for the GLP-1 agonist class that now includes semaglutide and tirzepatide.
Molecular weight: 4186.6 g/mol

## Vasopressin (ADH)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/vasopressin
Also known as: Antidiuretic Hormone, ADH, Arginine Vasopressin, Pitressin
Categories: Healing & Recovery
Arginine vasopressin (AVP/ADH) is a 9-amino acid neuropeptide produced in hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei and released from the posterior pituitary in response to increased plasma osmolality or decreased blood volume. It is essential for water homeostasis via antidiuresis, and at higher concentrations acts as a powerful vasoconstrictor (hence 'vasopressin'). In critical care, vasopressin is used as a vasopressor in septic shock and as an adjunct to resuscitation algorithms. Its analogs—desmopressin (antidiuresis-selective) and terlipressin (splanchnic-selective)—are more widely used clinically.
Molecular weight: 1084.3 g/mol

## Parathyroid Hormone 1-34 (Teriparatide)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/teriparatide
Also known as: Forteo, PTH(1-34), Rheumatoid bone loss treatment
Categories: Healing & Recovery, Anti-Aging & Longevity
Teriparatide (Forteo) is a synthetic 34-amino acid N-terminal fragment of human parathyroid hormone (PTH) representing the biologically active portion of the full 84-amino acid hormone. Unlike full-length PTH or bisphosphonates that reduce bone resorption, teriparatide is an anabolic bone agent that actually stimulates new bone formation when administered as once-daily injections (as opposed to continuous infusion, which causes resorption). FDA-approved in 2002 for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, men, and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis at high fracture risk, teriparatide typically increases lumbar spine BMD by 9–13% and reduces vertebral fracture risk by 65%.
Molecular weight: 4117.8 g/mol

## Calcitonin
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/calcitonin
Also known as: Salmon Calcitonin, Miacalcin, Fortical, Thyrocalcitonin
Categories: Healing & Recovery, Pain & Inflammation
Calcitonin is a 32-amino acid peptide hormone produced by parafollicular C-cells of the thyroid gland in response to elevated serum calcium. It acts through calcitonin receptors (CTR) on osteoclasts to inhibit bone resorption and on kidneys to promote calcium and phosphate excretion. Salmon calcitonin, which is approximately 40-50 times more potent than human calcitonin at the human receptor due to structural differences, is used clinically for Paget's disease, hypercalcemia, and osteoporosis (intranasal formulation). It also has significant analgesic properties, particularly for pain associated with vertebral fractures.
Molecular weight: 3431.9 g/mol (salmon calcitonin)

## Thymosin Beta-4 Sulfoxide (TB4-SO)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/tb4-sulfoxide
Also known as: Thymosin Beta-4 Sulfoxide, TB4-S, Oxidized TB4
Categories: Immune Support, Healing & Recovery, Anti-Aging & Longevity
Thymosin beta-4 sulfoxide (TB4-SO) is the naturally occurring oxidized form of Thymosin Beta-4 generated by methionine-6 oxidation. Unlike the reduced parent compound, TB4-SO does not bind G-actin and thus lacks TB-500's actin-sequestering activity. Instead, TB4-SO has potent and specific anti-inflammatory properties independent of G-actin binding—activating the Nrf2 transcription factor pathway to upregulate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory gene expression. TB4-SO is considered an important endogenous immunomodulatory signal in inflammatory conditions where ROS-mediated oxidation of TB4 occurs.
Molecular weight: ~4980 Da

## Gonadorelin (GnRH)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/gonadorelin
Also known as: GnRH, Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone, LHRH, Factrel
Categories: Sexual Health
Gonadorelin is the synthetic form of naturally occurring gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH/LHRH), a decapeptide produced by hypothalamic neurons and released in a pulsatile fashion to stimulate pituitary LH and FSH secretion. When administered in a physiologically pulsatile pattern, gonadorelin restores normal gonadotropin secretion in hypothalamic hypogonadism. Used diagnostically to assess pituitary LH/FSH reserve and therapeutically in pulsatile pump delivery for hypothalamic amenorrhea and male infertility. Continuous administration (like GnRH agonists) causes receptor downregulation.
Molecular weight: 1182.3 g/mol

## Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/igf-1
Also known as: Somatomedin C, IGF-I, Mechano-growth factor precursor
Categories: Muscle Growth, Anti-Aging & Longevity
Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) is a 70-amino acid single-chain growth factor structurally homologous to insulin, primarily synthesized in the liver in response to growth hormone stimulation. IGF-1 mediates most of the anabolic effects of growth hormone including linear growth, muscle protein synthesis, and bone mineral accretion. Serum IGF-1 declines approximately 14% per decade after age 30, contributing to sarcopenia, reduced bone density, and metabolic changes associated with aging. Recombinant IGF-1 (mecasermin, Increlex) is FDA-approved for IGF-1 deficiency states.
Molecular weight: 7648.9 g/mol

## Abaloparatide
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/abaloparatide
Also known as: Tymlos, PTHrP(1-34) analog, BA058
Categories: Healing & Recovery, Anti-Aging & Longevity
Abaloparatide (Tymlos) is a 34-amino acid synthetic analog of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP(1-34)) with modifications that confer improved selectivity for the RG conformation of PTH1R. FDA-approved in 2017 for postmenopausal women with osteoporosis at high fracture risk, abaloparatide demonstrated a 43% reduction in vertebral fracture risk (vs. 65% for teriparatide) with a potentially more favorable balance between anabolic bone formation and resorption activation. Its unique PTH1R conformational selectivity may translate to a shorter 'anabolic window' before significant bone resorption occurs.
Molecular weight: 3961.5 g/mol

## Bivalirudin
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/bivalirudin
Also known as: Angiomax, Angiox, Hirulog, Synthetic Hirudin Analog
Categories: Healing & Recovery
Bivalirudin (Angiomax) is a synthetic 20-amino acid bivalent direct thrombin inhibitor derived from hirudin, the natural anticoagulant peptide produced by the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis. Unlike heparin (which requires antithrombin cofactor), bivalirudin directly and reversibly inhibits both free circulating thrombin and clot-bound thrombin. FDA-approved for anticoagulation in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and acute coronary syndromes, bivalirudin offers predictable pharmacokinetics, brief duration of action, and no requirement for laboratory monitoring in most settings.
Molecular weight: 2180.3 g/mol

## Enfuvirtide (T-20)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/enfuvirtide
Also known as: T-20, Fuzeon, HIV fusion inhibitor peptide
Categories: Antimicrobial, Immune Support
Enfuvirtide (Fuzeon) is a synthetic 36-amino acid peptide HIV fusion inhibitor that was the first member of this antiretroviral drug class and remains the only peptide antiretroviral approved by the FDA (2003). Derived from the heptad repeat 2 (HR2) region of the HIV-1 gp41 transmembrane protein, enfuvirtide prevents HIV-1 from fusing with CD4+ T-cell membranes by competitively blocking the conformational change required for viral envelope-cellular membrane fusion. It is used in treatment-experienced patients with multidrug-resistant HIV-1 as part of combination antiretroviral therapy.
Molecular weight: 4491.9 g/mol

## Survodutide
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/survodutide
Also known as: BI 456906, GLP-1/Glucagon Dual Agonist
Categories: Related Compounds, Weight Loss & Metabolic
Survodutide (BI 456906) is an investigational dual agonist of GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) and glucagon receptors, developed by Boehringer Ingelheim. Unlike GLP-1/GIP dual agonists (tirzepatide), survodutide combines GLP-1-driven satiety and insulin secretion with glucagon-driven hepatic fat oxidation and energy expenditure. This mechanism is particularly relevant to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), where glucagon receptor activation reduces hepatic lipid accumulation.
Molecular weight: Approximately 4.5-5 kDa
Sequence: ~30–35 amino acids (proprietary dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist peptide)

## Ostarine (MK-2866)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/ostarine-mk-2866
Also known as: MK-2866, Enobosarm, GTx-024, S-22
Categories: SARMs & Androgen Modulators, Muscle Growth
Ostarine (MK-2866, Enobosarm) is one of the most extensively studied Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs). Developed by GTx Inc. (now Onconova) and Merck, it was investigated in Phase II/III clinical trials for cancer cachexia, muscle wasting in patients with non-small cell lung cancer, and stress urinary incontinence. Ostarine is the benchmark SARM for comparison in the research community due to its substantial clinical dataset and relatively well-characterized safety profile. It selectively activates androgen receptors in muscle and bone tissue while producing fewer androgenic effects in the prostate and skin compared to anabolic steroids.
Molecular weight: 389.33 g/mol
Sequence: N/A — small molecule

## RAD-140 (Testolone)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/rad-140-testolone
Also known as: Testolone, RAD140
Categories: SARMs & Androgen Modulators, Muscle Growth
RAD-140 (Testolone) is a potent, orally bioavailable nonsteroidal SARM developed by Radius Health. It demonstrates one of the highest anabolic-to-androgenic ratios (90:1) of any known androgen receptor modulator, meaning it produces strong muscle anabolic effects while displaying minimal androgenic activity at the prostate in preclinical models. RAD-140 is also being investigated for neuroprotective properties and potential application in breast cancer treatment through its AR-agonist/ER-antagonist activity.
Molecular weight: 393.83 g/mol
Sequence: N/A — small molecule

## Cardarine (GW-501516)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/cardarine-gw-501516
Also known as: GW-501516, GW1516, GSK-516, Endurobol
Categories: SARMs & Androgen Modulators, Weight Loss & Metabolic
Cardarine (GW-501516) is a PPARδ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta) agonist, not a SARM in the strict sense, but it is commonly grouped with SARMs in research and performance communities. Originally co-developed by GlaxoSmithKline and Ligand Pharmaceuticals, Cardarine's clinical development was terminated in 2007 when toxicology studies revealed dose-dependent carcinogenic potential in multiple organ tissues in rodent models after 2-year exposure. Despite this, GW-501516 continues to be researched and used due to its dramatic effects on fat oxidation and endurance capacity.
Molecular weight: 453.51 g/mol
Sequence: N/A — small molecule

## PE-22-28
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/pe-22-28
Also known as: Spadin analog, Antidepressant peptide PE-22-28
Categories: Cognitive & Nootropic, Neuroprotective
PE-22-28 is a synthetic pentapeptide analog of spadin, a naturally occurring peptide derived from the pro-region of the NTSR3/sortilin receptor. Spadin was identified as an endogenous blocker of TREK-1 (TWIK-related potassium channel-1) channels, which are implicated in the mechanism of action of antidepressants. PE-22-28 is a modified, more stable version of spadin with improved pharmacokinetic properties. It has demonstrated rapid antidepressant-like effects and neuroplasticity-promoting properties in preclinical models, with an onset of action measured in hours rather than the weeks required by traditional antidepressants.
Molecular weight: Approximately 540-600 Da

## PEG-MGF
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/peg-mgf
Also known as: PEGylated Mechano Growth Factor, PEGylated MGF, PEG-IGF-1Ec
Categories: Muscle Growth, Healing & Recovery
PEG-MGF (PEGylated Mechano Growth Factor) is a chemically modified variant of Mechano Growth Factor, itself a splice variant of Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1). The addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains extends the peptide's half-life from just minutes (native MGF) to several hours or days, dramatically improving its bioavailability and therapeutic window. PEG-MGF plays a critical role in muscle regeneration by activating satellite cells — the stem-cell-like precursors of muscle fibers — thereby supporting muscle repair, hypertrophy, and tissue recovery after mechanical stress or injury. It has also been studied for neuroprotective and cardioprotective effects.
Molecular weight: ~2,888 Da (MGF) + PEG chain
Sequence: 24 amino acids (E peptide) + PEG modification

## BRP (BRINP2-Related Peptide)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/brp-brain-peptide-stanford
Also known as: BRINP2-Related Peptide, BRP, THRILRRLFNLC
Categories: Weight Loss & Metabolic, Neuroprotective
BRP (BRINP2-Related Peptide) is a naturally occurring 12-amino acid peptide discovered in 2025 by Stanford researchers led by Dr. Katrin Svensson using an AI algorithm called 'Peptide Predictor' that scanned more than 2,600 previously uncharacterized proteolytic fragments generated by prohormone convertase 1/3 (PCSK1). The peptide is cleaved from the parent protein BRINP2 (BMP/retinoic acid-inducible neural-specific protein 2) and is endogenously present in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Published in Nature (March 5, 2025, doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-08683-y), BRP reduces food intake by up to 50% within an hour and drives fat-specific weight loss in obese mice without nausea, muscle loss, or digestive effects. Its mechanism is entirely distinct from GLP-1/semaglutide pathways, acting centrally in the hypothalamus via POMC neurons and cAMP-PKA-CREB-FOS signaling. Merrifield Therapeutics is advancing BRP toward clinical trials.
Molecular weight: ~1,500 Da (12 amino acids, C-terminal amidated)
Sequence: 12 amino acids

## Amycretin
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/amycretin
Also known as: NN9487, Unimolecular GLP-1/amylin receptor agonist, NNC0174-0987
Categories: Weight Loss & Metabolic, Related Compounds
Amycretin is a novel, unimolecular long-acting dual agonist of both the GLP-1 and amylin receptors, developed by Novo Nordisk as a next-generation obesity and type 2 diabetes treatment. Unlike CagriSema (a fixed-dose combination of two separate molecules), amycretin is engineered as a single molecule that simultaneously activates both receptor systems, potentially offering pharmacokinetic and compliance advantages. Phase 1b/2a results published in The Lancet (June 2025) showed up to 22% weight loss at 36 weeks for the injectable 20 mg dose and 13.1% for the 100 mg/day oral dose in people with overweight or obesity — all without an observed weight-loss plateau. Phase 2 data in type 2 diabetes (November 2025) showed up to 14.5% weight loss and 1.8% HbA1c reduction at 36 weeks with the subcutaneous formulation. Both the subcutaneous and oral formulations are advancing directly to Phase 3 development starting in 2026, targeting obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Molecular weight: ~4,500–5,500 Da (estimated; unimolecular GLP-1/amylin conjugate)
Sequence: Approximately 40–50 amino acids (proprietary Novo Nordisk structure)

## Orforglipron
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/orforglipron
Also known as: LY3502970, Foundayo, Non-peptide oral GLP-1 receptor agonist, Small-molecule GLP-1 agonist
Categories: Weight Loss & Metabolic, Related Compounds
Orforglipron (brand name Foundayo, formerly LY3502970) is a first-in-class oral, non-peptide, small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist developed by Eli Lilly (originally discovered by Chugai Pharmaceutical and licensed by Lilly in 2018). It received FDA approval on April 1, 2026, for chronic weight management in adults with obesity or overweight with weight-related comorbidities — becoming the first approved GLP-1 pill that can be taken at any time of day without food or water restrictions. This differentiates it sharply from oral semaglutide (Rybelsus), which requires fasting and minimal water intake. Although not a peptide itself, orforglipron competes directly in the GLP-1 therapeutic space and represents a major advance in patient convenience. Phase 3 ATTAIN-1 showed 11.2% mean weight loss at 72 weeks (36 mg dose), and ATTAIN-2 showed 9.6% weight loss in patients with T2D. Lilly has submitted for regulatory approval in >40 countries.
Molecular weight: ~400–500 Da (small molecule)
Sequence: N/A — non-peptide small molecule

## MariTide (maridebart cafraglutide)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/maritide
Also known as: maridebart cafraglutide, AMG 133, GIPR antagonist / GLP-1R agonist antibody-peptide conjugate
Categories: Weight Loss & Metabolic, Related Compounds
MariTide (maridebart cafraglutide, formerly AMG 133) is a novel bispecific antibody-peptide conjugate developed by Amgen, engineered to simultaneously antagonize the GIP receptor (GIPR) and agonize the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R). Unlike tirzepatide (which is a GIPR agonist/GLP-1R agonist), MariTide's GIPR antagonism is a contrarian approach based on evidence that blocking GIP signaling in the obese state may reduce fat storage and synergize with GLP-1 effects. Its antibody backbone provides a long elimination half-life of 14–24 days, enabling once-monthly or potentially less frequent (quarterly) subcutaneous dosing — a major differentiator from all weekly-injection competitors. Phase 2 data (52 weeks) showed up to ~20% weight loss in people with obesity without T2D and ~17% in those with T2D, without a weight-loss plateau at 52 weeks. The MARITIME Phase 3 program, one of the largest in Amgen's history, is actively enrolling across 6 global studies.
Molecular weight: ~150,000–160,000 Da (full antibody-peptide conjugate; IgG2 backbone + two GLP-1 peptide moieties)
Sequence: N/A — antibody-peptide conjugate; two GLP-1 analog peptides conjugated to a human monoclonal anti-GIPR antibody

## Pemvidutide
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/pemvidutide
Also known as: ALT-801, GLP-1/Glucagon dual receptor agonist (1:1 balanced), Altimmune GLP-1/GCGR agonist
Categories: Weight Loss & Metabolic, Healing & Recovery
Pemvidutide (ALT-801) is a once-weekly, balanced 1:1 GLP-1/glucagon dual receptor agonist developed by Altimmune, Inc. (Nasdaq: ALT), distinguished by its equal affinity for both GLP-1 and glucagon receptors — a design that maximizes direct hepatic fat oxidation effects alongside central appetite suppression. In Phase 2 obesity trials (MOMENTUM, 48 weeks), pemvidutide produced 15.6% weight loss at 2.4 mg with a landmark finding: only 21.9% of weight loss was lean mass (versus up to 40% for some GLP-1 comparators), representing class-leading lean mass preservation. Phase 2b IMPACT trial in MASH (biopsy-confirmed F2/F3 fibrosis) showed statistically significant improvements in non-invasive markers of fibrosis (ELF, LSM) at 48 weeks, and FDA End-of-Phase 2 meeting supports advancing to Phase 3 in MASH. FDA has granted Fast Track designation for pemvidutide in both MASH and alcohol use disorder (AUD). Phase 2 trials are also ongoing in AUD and alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD).
Molecular weight: ~4,200 Da (peptide with fatty acid conjugation for half-life extension)
Sequence: Approximately 30 amino acids (proprietary Altimmune sequence)

## Mazdutide
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/mazdutide
Also known as: IBI362, LY3305677, OXM3, Xinermei, GCG/GLP-1 dual receptor agonist, Oxyntomodulin analogue
Categories: Weight Loss & Metabolic, Related Compounds
Mazdutide (IBI362, marketed as Xinermei in China) is the world's first approved dual glucagon (GCG)/GLP-1 receptor agonist, developed by Innovent Biologics under an exclusive license from Eli Lilly. It is a mammalian oxyntomodulin (OXM) analogue — a naturally occurring gut hormone that activates both GLP-1 and glucagon receptors — modified with a fatty acid side chain for once-weekly subcutaneous dosing and extended half-life. China's National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) approved mazdutide for chronic weight management in June 2025 (GLORY-1 Phase 3 trial results published in NEJM) and for type 2 diabetes glycemic control in September 2025 (DREAMS-1 and DREAMS-2 results published back-to-back in Nature). Mazdutide is the only GLP-1-based therapy to achieve top-tier publications in both Nature and NEJM. Its Phase 3 GLORY-1 weight loss data showed up to 15.4% treatment difference vs. placebo at 24 weeks (9 mg dose). In the DREAMS-3 head-to-head trial, mazdutide outperformed semaglutide in both HbA1c reduction and weight loss.
Molecular weight: ~4,300 Da (oxyntomodulin analogue with fatty acid chain)
Sequence: 37 amino acids (oxyntomodulin-based; fatty acid modified)

## CagriSema
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/cagrisema
Also known as: Cagrilintide 2.4 mg + Semaglutide 2.4 mg, AM833 + Semaglutide, Cagrilintide/semaglutide fixed-dose combination, First GLP-1/amylin combination injectable
Categories: Weight Loss & Metabolic, Related Compounds
CagriSema is an investigational fixed-dose combination of two distinct obesity medications in a single once-weekly subcutaneous injection: cagrilintide 2.4 mg (a long-acting amylin analog, slug: cagrilintide) and semaglutide 2.4 mg (a GLP-1 receptor agonist, the same active ingredient as Wegovy, slug: semaglutide), developed by Novo Nordisk. By co-administering an amylin analog with a GLP-1 agonist, CagriSema exploits complementary satiety pathways — amylin acting in the area postrema and GLP-1 acting in the hypothalamus — producing additive weight loss superior to either component alone. The Phase 3 REDEFINE program demonstrated 22.7% mean weight loss at 68 weeks (REDEFINE 1) versus 16.1% for semaglutide monotherapy and 1.8% for placebo. Novo Nordisk filed an NDA with the FDA in December 2025; a decision is expected ~October 2026. If approved, CagriSema would be the first-ever fixed-dose GLP-1/amylin combination product and would compete directly with tirzepatide (Zepbound) and retatrutide.
Molecular weight: N/A — fixed-dose combination of two molecules (cagrilintide ~4,400 Da + semaglutide 4,113.58 Da)
Sequence: N/A — combination product (37 AA amylin analog + 31 AA GLP-1 analog)

## Dulaglutide
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/dulaglutide
Also known as: Trulicity, LY2189265
Categories: Weight Loss & Metabolic, Cardiovascular
Dulaglutide is a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist marketed by Eli Lilly under the brand name Trulicity. Approved by the FDA in September 2014 for type 2 diabetes, dulaglutide consists of two GLP-1 analog molecules covalently linked to a modified human IgG4 Fc fragment, which extends its half-life and supports once-weekly subcutaneous dosing. The REWIND cardiovascular outcomes trial in 9,901 patients with type 2 diabetes demonstrated a 12% relative risk reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events over a median 5.4 years, making dulaglutide one of only a few GLP-1 agents with confirmed primary-prevention cardiovascular benefit. Dulaglutide is widely used as a comparator in head-to-head trials of newer agents such as tirzepatide.
Molecular weight: approximately 59,700 Da (full fusion protein)

## Avexitide
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/avexitide
Also known as: Exendin(9-39), EXE-9-39, AMX0114 (legacy code)
Categories: Weight Loss & Metabolic, Gastrointestinal
Avexitide is an investigational, first-in-class glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor antagonist derived from exendin(9-39), a 31-amino-acid truncated fragment of exendin-4 (the parent peptide of exenatide). Removing the first eight residues converts the agonist into a competitive antagonist at the GLP-1 receptor. Avexitide is being developed by Amylyx Pharmaceuticals (NASDAQ: AMLX) for post-bariatric hypoglycemia (PBH) following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. The pivotal Phase 3 LUCIDITY trial (NCT06747468) completed enrollment in March 2026 with 78 participants; topline results are expected in Q3 2026. The drug holds FDA Breakthrough Therapy Designation for both PBH and congenital hyperinsulinism, Orphan Drug Designation for hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, and Rare Pediatric Disease Designation for congenital HI.
Molecular weight: ~3369 g/mol

## EB613 (Oral PTH 1-34 Tablet)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/eb613-oral-pth-osteoporosis-tablet
Also known as: Oral teriparatide tablet, Entera oral PTH, Oral anabolic bone tablet
Categories: Healing & Recovery, Anti-Aging & Longevity
EB613 is an oral tablet formulation of recombinant human parathyroid hormone (PTH 1-34) being developed by Entera Bio for postmenopausal osteoporosis. The active molecule is identical to teriparatide (Forteo) — a 34-amino-acid N-terminal fragment of human PTH that, when delivered in pulsatile rather than continuous fashion, acts as an anabolic bone-forming agent. The novelty of EB613 is the delivery system: a proprietary excipient stack engineered to protect the peptide through stomach acid and pancreatic proteases and to assist transcellular absorption across the intestinal epithelium. If approved, EB613 would be the first oral anabolic bone drug. As of May 2026, Entera has submitted a streamlined Phase 3 protocol to the FDA under a 505(b)(2) IND, with FDA feedback described by the company as imminent. The Phase 3 design is a multinational, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of approximately 750 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, with the primary endpoint being percent change in total hip bone mineral density at month 12.
Molecular weight: 4117.8 g/mol (PTH 1-34 active moiety)

## EB612 (Oral Long-Acting PTH Tablet)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/eb612-oral-pth-hypoparathyroidism-tablet
Also known as: Oral long-acting PTH replacement, Entera oral PTH replacement, Oral hypoparathyroidism tablet
Categories: Healing & Recovery
EB612 is an oral tablet formulation of long-acting parathyroid hormone being developed by Entera Bio and OPKO Health for the treatment of hypoparathyroidism. Hypoparathyroidism is a chronic endocrine condition in which the parathyroid glands fail to produce sufficient PTH, leading to hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and a constellation of neuromuscular and cognitive symptoms that calcium and active vitamin D supplementation often fail to control. Approved PTH replacement options are limited: Natpara (recombinant human PTH 1-84, injectable) was withdrawn from the U.S. market in 2024 due to manufacturing issues, and palopegteriparatide (Yorvipath, injectable) was FDA-approved in 2024. EB612 would, if approved, be the first oral PTH replacement therapy in this orphan indication. As of May 2026 the program is preclinical-to-IND, with Entera planning to file an Investigational New Drug application in late 2026 under an expanded 50/50 partnership with OPKO. Tissue-protective TPTX and PK data have been submitted to ENDO 2026.
Molecular weight: Not publicly disclosed

## EB618 (Oral Oxyntomodulin Tablet)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/eb618-oral-oxyntomodulin-glp1-glucagon-tablet
Also known as: Oral OXM tablet, Oral dual GLP-1/glucagon, Entera OXM program
Categories: Weight Loss & Metabolic
EB618 is an oral tablet formulation of oxyntomodulin (OXM) being developed by Entera Bio for metabolic and fibrotic conditions, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). Oxyntomodulin is a 37-amino-acid gut peptide co-secreted with GLP-1 by intestinal L-cells after a meal. Unlike pure GLP-1 receptor agonists such as semaglutide, oxyntomodulin activates both the GLP-1 receptor (driving satiety and glycemic control) and the glucagon receptor (driving energy expenditure and potentially better preservation of lean mass during weight loss). Dual GLP-1/glucagon agonism has been a major focus of obesity drug development; injectable dual agonists such as cotadutide and survodutide have shown efficacy in trials. EB618 applies Entera's proprietary tablet excipient platform — the same technology underpinning EB613 and EB612 — to the oxyntomodulin scaffold. As of May 2026 the program is in preclinical development. Non-human primate pharmacokinetic data have been submitted to ENDO 2026.
Molecular weight: ~4448 g/mol (native human oxyntomodulin reference)

## GEP-44 (Chimeric GLP-1/Y1/Y2 Multi-Agonist)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/gep44-triple-agonist-glp1-pyy-syracuse-obesity
Also known as: GEP44, Doyle Group chimeric peptide, GLP-1/Y1/Y2 triple agonist
Categories: Weight Loss & Metabolic
GEP-44 is a 44-amino-acid chimeric peptide developed in the laboratory of Robert Doyle at Syracuse University, in collaboration with the Blevins/Roth groups at the VA Puget Sound and University of Washington. It is a multi-receptor agonist designed to activate the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) together with two peptide YY receptors, Y1 (NPY1R) and Y2 (NPY2R). In rodent and shrew models published between 2021 and 2025, GEP-44 produced greater reduction in body weight and energy intake than the GLP-1-only reference compound exendin-4, with substantially less emesis-like behavior in shrews — the standard animal model for GLP-1-induced nausea. A GLP-1R knockout study published in 2024 showed that GEP-44's metabolic effects in mice depend primarily on GLP-1R signaling, with the Y1R and Y2R arms modulating rather than substituting for the GLP-1 signal. A 2025 energy expenditure follow-up showed weight loss was driven by reduced food intake and increased lipid oxidation, while energy expenditure on the drug was actually decreased. As of May 2026, GEP-44 is preclinical — there is no active IND filing, no registered Phase 1 trial on ClinicalTrials.gov, and no human safety or efficacy data. The current formulation requires once-daily subcutaneous injection; the Syracuse team has stated it is working on a long-acting reformulation. A sister compound, KCEM1, comes from the same program. Both compounds have generated preclinical signals in obesity, type 2 diabetes, and opioid-craving models.
Molecular weight: Approximately 4900 g/mol (44 AA chimeric peptide)

## HL4 (Macrocyclic Insulin Receptor Agonist)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/hl4-macrocyclic-insulin-receptor-agonist-rapid-excells
Also known as: HL4 macrocycle, Suga Lab IR agonist, RaPID-ExCells HL4, FYLWF-motif cyclic peptide
Categories: Weight Loss & Metabolic
HL4 is a 19-residue cyclic peptide that activates the human insulin receptor (IR) on intact cells. It was reported on March 12, 2026 in Angewandte Chemie International Edition by Kuo, Mihara, Takagi and Suga (DOI 10.1002/anie.202526008). The molecule was discovered using RaPID-ExCells, a variant of the RaPID mRNA-display system that screens libraries of around 10^12 to 10^13 thioether-cyclized peptides directly against full-length IR on HEK293 cells, with detergent lysis and co-immunoprecipitation as the recovery step. Of 11 top affinity-enriched hits the team made, ten bound IR (some with Kd as low as 2 to 50 nM) but only HL4 (Kd around 132 nM) activated the receptor. HL4's activating pharmacophore is an FYLWF aromatic motif at positions 9 to 13, which mirrors the FYXWF motif present in earlier linear insulin-mimetic peptides such as Novo Nordisk's S597. Deep mutational scanning with 66 amino acids, including 47 non-proteinogenic residues, showed that p-methyl- and p-fluoro-phenylalanine at position 9 raised activity by roughly 1.5-fold and that D-tyrosine at position 5 was tolerated. The team built an HL4 homodimer using two HL4 monomers linked by PEG11 spacers to a central L-2,3-diaminopropionic acid core. The homodimer's EC50 for IR autophosphorylation is around 460 nM (versus around 720 nM for the monomer), gives about 2.5-fold the autophosphorylation signal at 1 micromolar, has a serum half-life around 51 hours, and selectively activates IR over the closely related IGF-1 receptor. HL4 is a research molecule. It is not approved for any human use, has no IND filing, and has not been tested clinically.
Molecular weight: Approximately 2.4 kDa as monomer; homodimer with PEG11 linkers and L-Dap core approximately 6 kDa

## Danuglipron (Pfizer Discontinued Oral GLP-1)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/danuglipron-pfizer-discontinued-oral-glp1
Also known as: PF-06882961, Pfizer oral GLP-1
Categories: Weight Loss & Metabolic
Danuglipron is a non-peptide small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist that Pfizer advanced through clinical development for obesity and type 2 diabetes before discontinuing the program in April 2025 over liver-safety concerns observed in a single Phase 3 participant. Like Eli Lilly's orforglipron, danuglipron binds human GLP-1 receptor by docking against a pocket that requires the tryptophan side chain at position 33 of the extracellular domain. Mice carry a serine at that position, and danuglipron does not bind the mouse receptor at meaningful concentrations. Studying danuglipron pharmacology in vivo therefore required the humanized GLP-1 receptor mouse models developed by groups including the Guler lab at the University of Virginia. In the Godschall et al. Nature paper published May 6, 2026, danuglipron was used alongside orforglipron and liraglutide to demonstrate that small-molecule oral GLP-1 receptor agonists recruit a previously uncharacterized central amygdala circuit that suppresses dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens and selectively reduces hedonic feeding. Although Pfizer halted danuglipron development, the molecule remains a critical reference compound for the small-molecule oral GLP-1 class and is used in academic preclinical studies of GLP-1 receptor pharmacology. Danuglipron is not approved for any indication, was never marketed, and is not available outside research settings.
Molecular weight: Approximately 521 Da

## BLMP6 (Fibulin-4 Targeting Breast Cancer Peptide)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/blmp6-peptide-fibulin-4-metastatic-breast-cancer
Also known as: Kolonin lab fibulin-4 binder, anti-fibulin-4 metastasis peptide
Categories: Healing & Recovery, Related Compounds
BLMP6 is a synthetic short peptide that binds the extracellular matrix protein fibulin-4 (FBLN4). It was identified by the Kolonin lab at McGovern Medical School at UTHealth Houston using in vivo phage display screening against metastatic breast cancer in xenograft mouse models, and reported in Molecular Therapy Oncology in April 2026 (DOI 10.1016/j.omton.2026.201207). Fibulin-4 is normally a structural component of elastic fibers in connective tissue. The team discovered that fibulin-4 expression is dramatically reorganized and upregulated in the tissue microenvironment of aggressive invasive breast cancers, while normal breast tissue and non-invasive tumors show minimal expression. This difference makes fibulin-4 a useful targeting marker. The team demonstrated two applications. As an imaging probe, BLMP6 conjugated to a fluorescent dye traveled directly to metastatic lesions in mice xenografted with triple-negative breast cancer. As a therapeutic, BLMP6 conjugated to monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), an FDA-approved cytotoxic warhead used in several antibody-drug conjugates, suppressed metastasis to distant organs and improved survival. The discovery used a combination of phage display, biochemistry, AlphaFold-derived structural prediction, and human tissue array validation. BLMP6 is a research compound and is not approved for human use. No clinical trials have been initiated and no IND filing has been disclosed.
Molecular weight: Not specified in initial coverage; consistent with a short synthetic peptide (under 2 kDa)

## DA-1726
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/da-1726-oxyntomodulin-glp1-glucagon-dual-agonist
Also known as: DA-1726, DA1726, MetaVia oxyntomodulin analogue, MTVA oxyntomodulin co-agonist
Categories: Weight Loss & Metabolic, Related Compounds
DA-1726 is an investigational oxyntomodulin-analogue peptide developed by MetaVia Inc. (Nasdaq: MTVA) as a once-weekly subcutaneous dual agonist at the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and the glucagon receptor (GCGR). It is engineered to combine the appetite-suppressing and glycemic effects of GLP-1 receptor activation with the energy-expenditure and hepatic lipid-mobilization effects of glucagon receptor activation. The compound is being developed for obesity and for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). DA-1726 reported higher-dose Phase 1 results at the EASL Congress 2026 on May 27, 2026, showing a mean 9.1% body weight reduction at Day 54 in the 48 mg cohort with directional improvements in FibroScan liver-fat and stiffness measures versus placebo. Phase 1 Part 3 titration studies are ongoing.
Molecular weight: Not publicly disclosed

## Emideltide (DSIP)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/emideltide-dsip-delta-sleep-inducing-peptide
Also known as: Delta sleep-inducing peptide, DSIP, Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu
Categories: neuro
Emideltide, commonly called delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP), is a nine–amino acid peptide originally described in the context of sleep physiology research. It is best known for reported effects on sleep architecture—particularly delta (slow-wave) activity and spindle patterns—across a mixed body of animal experiments and limited human observations summarized in reference databases. Emideltide is not an FDA-approved drug, and modern clinical development is sparse compared with mainstream neuropeptides. Interest persists because DSIP shows up repeatedly in older neuroscience and stress-physiology literature, and because it is sometimes discussed in contemporary peptide-compounding debates as a 'wellness' peptide despite the lack of a current, high-quality clinical evidence base. From a practical standpoint, the key uncertainty is mechanism: DSIP has been associated with changes in neuroendocrine and neurotransmitter signaling in preclinical models, but there is no consensus target receptor the way there is for many hormone analogs. Any discussion of dosing, delivery route, or therapeutic claims should be framed as research-context only, with a strong emphasis on evidence limitations.
Molecular weight: 848.8 Da
Sequence: 9 amino acids

## Acetyl octapeptide-3 (SNAP-8)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/acetyl-octapeptide-3-snap-8
Also known as: SNAP-8, Acetyl octapeptide-3, Acetyl-glu-glu-met-gln-arg-arg-ala-asp-amide
Categories: cosmetic
Acetyl octapeptide-3—often marketed as SNAP-8—is a synthetic cosmetic peptide used in topical formulations aimed at reducing the appearance of expression lines. It is commonly described as an 'Argireline-like' peptide in marketing materials, but it is a distinct sequence and should be treated as a cosmetic ingredient rather than a therapeutic peptide. In the peptide marketplace, SNAP-8 sometimes gets grouped with injectable or systemic 'wellness' peptides, yet its mainstream use case is topical skincare. That matters for risk interpretation: topical cosmetic use does not imply systemic bioavailability, and systemic claims would require entirely different evidence. For reference purposes, the most reliable public identifiers come from chemical registries (CAS, PubChem), which list synonyms and composition details used by suppliers and formulators.
Molecular weight: 989.1 Da
Sequence: 8 amino acids

## Epitalon (Epithalon)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/epitalon
Also known as: Epithalon, Epithalamin-derived tetrapeptide
Categories: longevity, Sleep
Epitalon (also spelled epithalon) is a synthetic tetrapeptide derived from the pineal peptide complex known in Russian gerontology literature as "epithalamin." It is marketed in longevity and sleep circles as a peptide that may influence circadian signaling, oxidative stress, and cellular aging, often with claims about telomerase activation. The evidence base is not comparable to approved drugs: much of the published work is preclinical or small clinical studies conducted outside the U.S., and study methods can be difficult to evaluate against modern trial standards.

In the U.S., Epitalon is not an FDA-approved drug. Interest surged because it sits at the intersection of sleep, ‘anti-aging’ marketing, and the broader debate about whether compounding pharmacies should be allowed to prepare unapproved peptides under Section 503A. That regulatory context matters more than any single mechanistic hypothesis: even if a peptide shows intriguing signals in lab systems, patients are exposed to real-world risks from sterility failures, mislabeling, and impurities when products are sourced outside established pharmaceutical supply chains.

If you see Epitalon positioned as a ‘natural’ human peptide, treat that as a claim that needs evidence. In practice, Epitalon products sold online are synthetic research chemicals or compounded preparations, and there is no FDA-reviewed package insert describing indications, dosing, or safety monitoring.

## Emideltide (DSIP)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/emideltide
Also known as: DSIP, Delta sleep-inducing peptide
Categories: Sleep, neuro
Emideltide is the International Nonproprietary Name (INN) that appears in U.S. regulatory discussions for DSIP (delta sleep-inducing peptide), a short peptide historically investigated for sleep and stress-related effects. DSIP has been marketed widely online despite limited modern clinical evidence and an unclear mechanism of action.

In practice, most products are sold as ‘DSIP,’ but advisory committee agendas and legal analyses often use the INN ‘Emideltide.’ For clinicians and patients, the naming matters because a regulatory docket may list Emideltide even if the marketplace talks about DSIP.

In the U.S., Emideltide/DSIP is not an FDA-approved drug. If it were ever considered for compounding eligibility under Section 503A, the FDA would still weigh whether the substance can be adequately characterized, whether there are safety concerns (including immunogenicity and impurities), and whether any evidence supports the specific uses being proposed.

## Canvuparatide (MBX 2109)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/canvuparatide-mbx-2109-pth-prodrug
Also known as: MBX 2109, MBX-2109, Once-weekly canvuparatide
Categories: Bone & Mineral Metabolism, Healing & Recovery
Canvuparatide (development name MBX 2109) is an investigational once-weekly parathyroid hormone (PTH) peptide prodrug being developed by MBX Biosciences for chronic hypoparathyroidism (HP), a rare endocrine disorder in which the parathyroid glands produce insufficient PTH, leading to chronically low calcium, high phosphate, and complications including kidney damage and impaired bone metabolism. Standard care has historically relied on high doses of oral calcium and active vitamin D analogs (calcitriol), which do not replace PTH itself and leave patients with significant disease burden. Canvuparatide is engineered as a prodrug that undergoes a controlled-release intramolecular cyclization (governed by temperature and pH) to slowly release a biologically active PTH analog after subcutaneous injection, producing a sustained, infusion-like PTH exposure with a flatter peak-to-trough profile than daily injections. In the Phase 2 Avail trial in adults with HP, canvuparatide achieved its primary composite endpoint with 63% of treated patients reaching responder status at 12 weeks and 79% at six months in the open-label extension. One-year OLE data announced June 12, 2026 showed sustained calcium normalization, kidney function, and bone marker improvements with once-weekly dosing. A Phase 3 double-blind placebo-controlled trial enrolling approximately 160 patients (3:1 randomization) is on track to initiate in Q3 2026, with primary endpoint assessment at week 26.

## Enicepatide (CT-388 / RO7795068)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/enicepatide-ct-388-glp1-gip-agonist
Also known as: CT-388, RO7795068, RG6640
Categories: Weight Loss & Metabolic
Enicepatide (development codes CT-388 and RO7795068) is an investigational once-weekly subcutaneous peptide-based dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist developed by Roche/Genentech for obesity and type 2 diabetes. The molecule is unusual among incretin therapies in being a 'biased' agonist: it activates GLP-1R and GIPR with cAMP signaling but with minimal beta-arrestin recruitment, a design intended to maximize metabolic signaling while reducing receptor desensitization. The International Nonproprietary Name 'enicepatide' was assigned in 2026 (RG6640). Roche acquired the asset through the 2024 Carmot Therapeutics acquisition. In the 48-week Phase 2 CT388-103 trial (NCT06525935) in 469 adults with obesity or overweight plus a comorbidity, the 24 mg once-weekly dose produced placebo-adjusted weight loss of 22.5% (efficacy estimand; 18.3% treatment-regimen estimand). At week 48, 95.7% of treated participants achieved at least 5% weight loss, 87% at least 10%, 47.8% at least 20%, and 26.1% at least 30%. 54% achieved BMI <30 (resolution of obesity) versus 13% in the placebo arm. No weight-loss plateau was observed at week 48 — the curve was still descending at study end. 73% of participants with baseline prediabetes returned to normoglycemia. Treatment discontinuation due to adverse events was 5.9% in CT-388 arms versus 1.3% in placebo. Two global Phase 3 trials are recruiting as of June 2026: NCT07351045 (obesity without T2D, week-72 primary endpoint) and NCT07351058 (T2D). A Phase 2 combination study with the amylin analog petrelintide is also planned for mid-2026.

## Petrelintide
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/petrelintide-amylin-analog
Also known as: ZP8396
Categories: Weight Loss & Metabolic
Petrelintide is an investigational once-weekly amylin analog peptide originally developed by Zealand Pharma and partnered with Roche/Genentech in 2024. Amylin is a natural pancreatic peptide co-secreted with insulin that contributes to satiety, slows gastric emptying, and regulates postprandial glucose. Petrelintide is engineered as a long-acting amylin receptor agonist designed for sustained weekly dosing, with the goal of achieving meaningful weight loss with better gastrointestinal tolerability than GLP-1 receptor agonists. Late-breaking Phase 2 ZUPREME-1 data presented at ADA 2026 in June showed clinically meaningful weight loss with what Roche has described as a 'compelling tolerability profile.' The strategic interest in petrelintide centers on its potential combination with enicepatide (CT-388): pairing an amylin agonist with a dual GLP-1/GIP agonist could deliver additive weight loss while distributing GI side effects across mechanisms. A Phase 2 fixed-dose combination study with enicepatide is targeted to enroll its first patient around mid-2026.

## Elecoglipron (AZD5004 / ECC5004)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/elecoglipron-azd5004-oral-glp1-small-molecule
Also known as: AZD5004, ECC5004, AstraZeneca oral GLP-1
Categories: Weight Loss & Metabolic, Related Compounds
Elecoglipron is an investigational, once-daily, oral non-peptide small-molecule glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist being developed by AstraZeneca for obesity, overweight with comorbidity, and type 2 diabetes. Originally discovered by Shanghai-based Eccogene under the code ECC5004, the drug was licensed to AstraZeneca outside Greater China in November 2023 in a deal worth up to $2 billion in milestone-tied payments, and was renamed AZD5004 and later elecoglipron. The drug mimics the natural human GLP-1 hormone by binding the GLP-1 receptor as a small-molecule synthetic compound, in contrast to peptide-based GLP-1 agonists like semaglutide and liraglutide that require subcutaneous injection or, in the oral semaglutide case, an absorption enhancer plus strict fasting and water-timing rules. Elecoglipron can be taken with or without food. In the Phase 2b VISTA trial (n=310) of adults with obesity or overweight and at least one weight-related comorbidity, the 75-mg dose achieved 10.5% average body weight reduction at 26 weeks and 11.8% at 36 weeks versus 0.6% and 0.3% with placebo, with up to 88.8% of participants reaching ≥5% weight loss. In the Phase 2b SOLSTICE trial (n=404) of adults with type 2 diabetes, the 75-mg dose produced an HbA1c reduction of 1.9 percentage points versus 0.2 with placebo at 26 weeks, with 90% of participants reaching HbA1c below 7% and average body weight reduction of 7.7%. Both trials were published in The Lancet on June 8, 2026 and presented at the American Diabetes Association Scientific Sessions in New Orleans. AstraZeneca is advancing elecoglipron into a Phase 3 program branded EMBOLD (obesity, with and without type 2 diabetes) and ELUMINATE (type 2 diabetes, monotherapy and in combination with dapagliflozin), with cardiovascular and renal outcome trials to follow. The drug is not approved for any indication and is available only through clinical trials.
Molecular weight: Small molecule (exact molecular weight not publicly disclosed)

## ASC35 (Ascletis once-monthly GLP-1R/GIPR dual peptide agonist)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/asc35-ascletis-glp1-gip-monthly-peptide-agonist
Also known as: ASC35, Ascletis once-monthly GLP-1/GIP peptide
Categories: Weight Loss & Metabolic
ASC35 is an investigational once-monthly subcutaneously administered GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and GIP receptor (GIPR) dual peptide agonist being developed by Ascletis Pharma Inc. (HKEX: 1672) for the treatment of obesity. ASC35 is formulated in the company's proprietary Self-Assembling Lipid Depot (SALD) — a low-viscosity solution of lipids, biocompatible organic solvents, and the active peptide that can be drawn into an auto-injector pen and injected subcutaneously through a 29-gauge needle. After subcutaneous administration, the solution transforms into a gel-like depot in the tissue. Tissue enzymes slowly degrade the depot, releasing the peptide over a one-month or longer period. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration cleared the Phase 1 Investigational New Drug application for ASC35 on June 23, 2026. The Phase 1 trial is randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled in 84 participants with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²) or overweight (BMI ≥ 27 kg/m² with weight-related comorbidity). Part A is a single-ascending-dose study; Part B is a multiple-ascending-dose study with a head-to-head comparator arm against the FDA-approved tirzepatide once-weekly formulation. In a head-to-head diet-induced obese (DIO) mouse study, ASC35 demonstrated approximately 71% greater relative body-weight reduction than tirzepatide. In head-to-head non-human primate studies, the average observed half-life of ASC35 was approximately six-fold longer than tirzepatide. ASC35 is one of several once-monthly to once-quarterly peptides Ascletis is advancing through its Ultra-Long-Acting Platform (ULAP). The drug is not approved for any indication and is available only through clinical trials.
Molecular weight: Not publicly disclosed

## Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/peptides/glp-1
Also known as: GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1, GLP-1 (7-36) amide
Categories: Weight Loss & Metabolic
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an endogenous incretin peptide hormone released from enteroendocrine L-cells, best known for amplifying glucose-stimulated insulin secretion after meals. In normal physiology, GLP-1 acts as a rapid, short-lived signal that links nutrient intake to pancreatic islet function, gastrointestinal motility, and appetite regulation. The native peptide is quickly degraded in circulation by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), which is why therapeutic GLP-1 receptor agonists (e.g., semaglutide) are engineered for prolonged activity.

On PeptideKnow, GLP-1 matters for two reasons. First, it is the biological template for modern obesity and type 2 diabetes drugs. Second, the popularity of GLP-1 receptor agonists has created a complex supply chain for peptide (and peptide-like) active ingredients, including bulk drug substances that are sometimes diverted into unapproved or counterfeit channels. When regulators refer to “GLP-1 receptor agonist bulk drug substances,” they are talking about the upstream materials used to manufacture finished products or compounded preparations—not a consumer product you should ever handle directly.
Molecular weight: Varies by processed form
Sequence: Varies by processed form


# Blog Articles (67)

## FDA Staff Reviewers Say ‘No’ to 7 Compounded Peptides Ahead of July PCAC Vote
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/fda-reviewers-against-peptide-compounding-july-2026
Published: 2026-07-06
Category: Peptide Regulation
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: FDA, PCAC, compounding, BPC-157, TB-500, MOTS-c, Semax
Subtitle: What the briefing documents signal for BPC-157, TB-500, KPV, MOTS-c, DSIP, Semax, and Epitalon — and what happens next.

FDA staff reviewers urged against adding seven popular peptides to the 503A bulks list ahead of the July PCAC meeting, citing weak human data and safety uncertainty.

## FDA reviewers urge ‘no’ on BPC-157, TB-500, MOTS-c ahead of July 2026 compounding vote
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/fda-pcac-503a-reviewers-no-bpc-157-tb-500-mots-c
Published: 2026-07-03
Category: Regulation
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: FDA, PCAC, 503A, compounding, BPC-157, TB-500, MOTS-c
Subtitle: Briefing documents posted June 29 preview a skeptical safety-and-evidence stance as PCAC prepares to vote July 23–24.

FDA reviewers’ June 29 briefings recommend against listing seven popular peptides for 503A compounding, citing limited human data and immunogenicity risk.

## Medicare Starts Paying for Obesity Drugs Today — Bridge Program Opens $50 Access for Millions
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/medicare-glp1-bridge-obesity-coverage-launch-july-2026
Published: 2026-07-02
Category: Regulation
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: Medicare, CMS, GLP-1, obesity, Wegovy, Zepbound, Foundayo, Bridge program
Subtitle: New CMS demonstration covers Wegovy, Zepbound, Foundayo, and oral Wegovy for eligible Part D beneficiaries at a flat $50 monthly copay through 2027, sidestepping the Medicare Modernization Act

Medicare's new $50 Bridge program covering Wegovy, Zepbound, Foundayo, and oral Wegovy for obesity launched July 1 — the first Medicare weight-loss benefit.

## FDA staff urges caution on compounded peptides ahead of July advisory meeting
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/fda-compounding-peptides-briefing-docs-july-2026
Published: 2026-07-01
Category: Regulation
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: FDA, compounding, peptides, PCAC, BPC-157, TB-500, KPV, MOTS-c
Subtitle: New FDA briefing documents argue the evidence is thin for seven popular peptides now under review for compounding.

Ahead of the July 23–24 Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee meeting, FDA staff briefings recommend against listing seven popular peptides for compounding.

## FDA Accepts Sandoz's Two ANDAs for Generic Tirzepatide — First Generic Path for Mounjaro and Zepbound
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/sandoz-generic-tirzepatide-anda-fda-acceptance
Published: 2026-06-30
Category: Regulation
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: FDA, Sandoz, tirzepatide, generic drugs, ANDA, Mounjaro, Zepbound, GLP-1
Subtitle: Acceptance opens the standard ten-month review clock for the world's largest generics manufacturer, with potential 2027 launch and material implications for the $30B incretin market

FDA accepts Sandoz's two abbreviated new drug applications for a generic version of tirzepatide, opening the first U.S. generic path for Mounjaro and Zepbound.

## FDA Import Alert 66-80 Puts GLP-1 Peptide APIs on DWPE Detention Track
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/fda-import-alert-66-80-glp1-api
Published: 2026-06-29
Category: Regulation
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: FDA, GLP-1, compounding, semaglutide, tirzepatide, import alerts, API quality
Subtitle: What the green list means for semaglutide and tirzepatide ingredient supply chains, compounding, and “research peptide” sellers

FDA’s Import Alert 66-80 authorizes DWPE detention of GLP-1 peptide APIs at U.S. ports, creating a green-list “trusted lane” for compliant manufacturers.

## FDA Import Alert 66-80 Targets GLP-1 Bulk Substances: What It Means for Compounding and the Peptide Supply Chain
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/fda-import-alert-66-80-glp1-bulk-substances
Published: 2026-06-28
Category: Regulation
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: FDA, GLP-1, Compounding, Semaglutide, Tirzepatide, Import Alerts, Peptides
Subtitle: A new DWPE import alert puts GLP-1 receptor agonist API under a harsher border lens—right as peptide marketing enforcement heats up.

FDA published Import Alert 66-80 for GLP-1 receptor agonist bulk drug substances. Here’s how DWPE can reshape compounded GLP-1 supply and enforcement.

## Lexaria Begins Dosing GLP-1-H26-7: Oral DehydraTECH-Semaglutide Goes Head-to-Head With Wegovy Tablets
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/lexaria-dehydratech-oral-semaglutide-pilot-trial
Published: 2026-06-27
Category: Industry
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: Lexaria Bioscience, DehydraTECH, oral semaglutide, Wegovy, Rybelsus, SNAC, pharmacokinetics, pilot trial, GLP-1, drug delivery
Subtitle: A five-week, three-arm pharmacokinetic pilot pits two SNAC-inclusive DehydraTECH-semaglutide formulations — one tablet, one capsule — against commercially available Wegovy tablets under fasted dosing.

Lexaria's GLP-1-H26-7 trial began dosing on June 14: DehydraTECH-semaglutide tablet and capsule against Wegovy tablets in a five-week fasted PK pilot study.

## Wisconsin Group Shows Class B1 GPCR Peptides Can Drop the Helix — and Pick Their Pathway
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/heterochiral-peptides-class-b1-gpcr-glucagon-pth
Published: 2026-06-25
Category: Research
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: glucagon, teriparatide, PTH, class B1 GPCR, biased agonism, heterochiral, Gellman Lab, Nature Chemistry, D-amino acids, GLP-1
Subtitle: A heterochiral redesign of glucagon and PTH(1–34) keeps cAMP potency while dialing down β-arrestin recruitment and receptor internalization, the Gellman Lab reports in Nature Chemistry.

Wisconsin chemists put D-amino acids into glucagon and PTH(1-34), broke the alpha-helix that textbooks demand, and still got biased class B1 GPCR agonists.

## Inside the Peptide Gray Market: Influencers, Telehealth, and the FDA Advisory Panel Kennedy Just Reshuffled
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/peptide-gray-market-rfk-fda-advisory
Published: 2026-06-24
Category: Regulation
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: BPC-157, TB-500, CJC-1295, Ipamorelin, RFK Jr, FDA, compounding, 503A, peptide policy, gray market
Subtitle: AP and WSJ reports this week describe a policy reversal in progress on BPC-157, TB-500, CJC-1295 and other restricted peptides.

AP and WSJ this week describe a real policy reversal in motion: Kennedy is firing FDA compounding advisers as BPC-157, TB-500, CJC-1295 sales surge online.

## Ascletis ASC35 Clears FDA For Phase 1: A Once-Monthly GLP-1/GIP Peptide With A Lipid Depot
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/ascletis-asc35-once-monthly-glp1-gip-dual-agonist-ind-clearance
Published: 2026-06-23
Category: Clinical Trials
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: ASC35, Ascletis Pharma, GLP-1, GIP, dual agonist, SALD, Self-Assembling Lipid Depot, Phase 1, IND clearance, once-monthly, obesity, tirzepatide head-to-head, ULAP
Subtitle: FDA IND clearance positions Ascletis's once-monthly subcutaneous dual agonist in head-to-head Phase 1 against weekly tirzepatide, with preclinical data showing 71% greater weight loss in obese mice and 6x longer half-life in primates

Ascletis ASC35, a once-monthly GLP-1/GIP peptide using a self-assembling lipid depot, cleared FDA IND for Phase 1 head-to-head vs weekly tirzepatide June 23.

## FDA flags unapproved GLP-1 compounding risks: telehealth claims, cold-chain failures, dosing errors
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/fda-unapproved-glp1-compounding-warning-letters
Published: 2026-06-17
Category: Regulatory
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: FDA, compounding, GLP-1, semaglutide, tirzepatide, telehealth, pharmacy
Subtitle: A mid-June cluster of FDA statements and warning letters tightens expectations for compounded semaglutide and tirzepatide—and spotlights Import Alert 66-80.

FDA highlights unapproved GLP-1 risks—fraudulent labels, warm shipments, and dosing errors—while warning telehealth companies against misleading ‘generic’ claims.

## AstraZeneca's Elecoglipron Pill Hits 11.8% Weight Loss At 36 Weeks, Heads To Phase 3
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/elecoglipron-oral-glp1-vista-solstice-phase2b-ada-2026
Published: 2026-06-16
Category: weight-loss-metabolic
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: elecoglipron, AZD5004, ECC5004, AstraZeneca, Eccogene, oral GLP-1, VISTA trial, SOLSTICE trial, ADA 2026, Phase 2b, Phase 3, EMBOLD, ELUMINATE
Subtitle: VISTA and SOLSTICE Phase 2b results presented at ADA 2026 and published in The Lancet establish the first AstraZeneca oral small-molecule GLP-1 agonist heading into registrational trials

AstraZeneca's elecoglipron oral GLP-1 hit 11.8% weight loss at 36 weeks in VISTA and 1.9% HbA1c drop in SOLSTICE Phase 2b at ADA 2026, advancing to Phase 3.

## Enicepatide (CT-388): Roche's biased GLP-1/GIP peptide drops Phase 2 detail at ADA 2026
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/enicepatide-ct-388-glp1-gip-phase2-ada-2026
Published: 2026-06-14
Category: Clinical Trials
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: enicepatide, CT-388, RO7795068, GLP-1/GIP, biased agonist, obesity, Phase 3, Roche, petrelintide, ADA 2026
Subtitle: 48-week placebo-adjusted weight loss of 22.5% at 24 mg with no plateau; two global Phase 3 trials are recruiting and a petrelintide combination study is queued for mid-2026.

Roche's enicepatide (CT-388) hit 22.5% placebo-adjusted weight loss at 48 weeks in Phase 2 with no plateau; Phase 3 enrolling.

## Canvuparatide one-year data: once-weekly PTH peptide prodrug stays on track for Phase 3
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/canvuparatide-mbx-2109-pth-prodrug-phase3-2026
Published: 2026-06-13
Category: Clinical Trials
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: canvuparatide, MBX 2109, parathyroid hormone, hypoparathyroidism, PTH replacement, Phase 3, MBX Biosciences, peptide prodrug
Subtitle: MBX Biosciences reports durable response in chronic hypoparathyroidism through 52 weeks of open-label dosing; registrational trial slated for Q3 2026.

MBX Biosciences reported one-year open-label data for once-weekly canvuparatide in chronic hypoparathyroidism. Phase 3 starts Q3 2026.

## State pharmacy boards escalate peptide enforcement: what April–May 2026 actions signal
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/state-pharmacy-board-peptide-enforcement-actions-2026
Published: 2026-06-11
Category: Regulation
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: compounding, pharmacy boards, peptide enforcement, GLP-1, 503A, compliance
Subtitle: Texas, Florida, California, and Ohio show how peptide and compounded GLP-1 scrutiny is shifting from molecules to documentation and distribution patterns.

April–May 2026 actions in TX, FL, CA, and OH show state boards targeting peptide and compounded GLP-1 practices via records, prescriber relationships, and volume.

## Peptide Import Inspections Are the New Front Line for Compounding Enforcement (Q1 2026)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/peptide-import-inspections-compounding-2026
Published: 2026-06-10
Category: FDA & Compliance
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: peptide imports, compounding, FDA, customs, API sourcing, sterility
Subtitle: A new import-data analysis highlights how bulk peptide APIs move through U.S. ports—and why 'FDA-registered' is not a safety guarantee.

New Q1 2026 import data suggests selective border enforcement for unapproved peptides and helps explain why compounding policy is shifting this summer.

## Pfizer’s berobenatide: a monthly GLP‑1 peptide heads for Phase 3
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/pfizer-berobenatide-monthly-glp1-peptide-phase2b
Published: 2026-06-09
Category: GLP-1
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: berobenatide, GLP-1, obesity, type 2 diabetes, Phase IIb, Pfizer, long-acting peptides
Subtitle: New Phase IIb VESPER data puts a once‑monthly GLP‑1 receptor agonist on the table—and reframes what ‘maintenance’ could look like.

Pfizer reports Phase IIb VESPER results for berobenatide, an investigational GLP‑1 peptide aiming for monthly dosing with continued weight loss and tolerability.

## FTC peptide marketing enforcement accelerates: what brands and clinics need to audit this week
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/ftc-peptide-marketing-enforcement-2026
Published: 2026-06-08
Category: Regulation
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: FTC, peptide marketing, BPC-157, TB-500, GLP-1, enforcement, compliance, Endorsement Guides, consent order
Subtitle: The FTC has issued enforcement letters and opened formal investigations against peptide brands making disease, anti-aging, performance, and GLP-1-adjacent claims. Civil penalties can reach $50,120 per violation per day.

FTC enforcement against unsubstantiated peptide marketing claims has accelerated in Q1-Q2 2026. Here is the claims inventory, substantiation file, and endorser audit every peptide brand should run now.

## Pfizer’s Berobenatide: A Once-Monthly GLP-1 Peptide Moves Toward Phase 3
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/pfizer-berobenatide-monthly-glp1-peptide
Published: 2026-06-07
Category: Clinical Trials
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: GLP-1, berobenatide, Pfizer, obesity, type 2 diabetes, Phase 3, monthly dosing
Subtitle: New Phase 2b VESPER data frames monthly maintenance dosing—and a crowded obesity market’s next scheduling fight.

Pfizer shared Phase 2b VESPER data for berobenatide, a GLP-1 peptide aimed at monthly dosing, and outlined a 2026 Phase 3 plan for obesity and diabetes.

## PepForge uses HELM to generate modified peptides—and flags 799 new antimicrobial candidates
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/pepforge-helm-generative-ai-modified-peptides-antimicrobial
Published: 2026-06-04
Category: Research
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: research, AI, HELm, antimicrobial peptides, macrocycles, peptide design, bioRxiv
Subtitle: A new bioRxiv preprint argues that standard sequence models miss the chemistry of macrocycles and non-canonical monomers. HELM is the workaround.

A new bioRxiv preprint introduces PepForge, a HELM-native generative model for modified peptides. It reports 4.78M generated designs and 799 filtered AMP hits.

## FDA removes BPC-157, KPV, Semax from Category 2 on April 22 — but they are not legal to compound yet
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/fda-peptide-category-2-withdrawal-april-22-pcac-july-2026
Published: 2026-06-03
Category: Regulation
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: FDA, BPC-157, KPV, Semax, PCAC, compounding, 503A, Category 2, bulk drug substances
Subtitle: The peptides came off Category 2 because their nominations were withdrawn, not because the FDA cleared them. PCAC reviews them July 23–24, 2026 — that is the next real decision.

Removed from Category 2 on April 22, 2026 because the nominations were withdrawn — not because the FDA cleared them. Here is what actually changes, and what does not.

## FDA PCAC July 2026: What the BPC-157 peptide compounding review really means
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/fda-pcac-bpc-157-peptide-compounding-july-2026
Published: 2026-06-02
Category: Regulation
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: FDA, compounding, BPC-157, PCAC, 503A, peptides, pharmacy
Subtitle: Seven unapproved peptides are headed to an FDA advisory meeting. Here’s what’s on the agenda, what changes (slowly), and what doesn’t.

FDA’s Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee will review seven unapproved peptides in July 2026. What that process means for BPC-157—and what it doesn’t.

## FDA signals enforcement against unapproved compounded GLP-1 drugs: what it means for peptide medicine
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/fda-glp1-compounding-enforcement-june-2026
Published: 2026-06-01
Category: Regulation
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: FDA, GLP-1, compounding, semaglutide, tirzepatide, enforcement, telehealth, peptide policy
Subtitle: On June 1, 2026, the FDA said it will use seizures, injunctions, and advertising enforcement against mass-marketed compounded GLP-1 products. Here is what changes for clinicians, telehealth platforms, and patients.

The FDA says it will restrict GLP-1 APIs used in mass-marketed unapproved compounded drugs and crack down on advertising that calls them generic versions of branded drugs.

## Sublingual compounded peptides: Quicksome claims and what the FDA’s July 2026 PCAC review could change
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/sublingual-compounded-peptides-pcac-july-2026
Published: 2026-05-30
Category: Regulatory
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: FDA, 503A, PCAC, compounding, sublingual, BPC-157, KPV, retatrutide
Subtitle: A needle-free delivery pitch lands as regulators prepare to re-evaluate BPC-157, KPV, TB-500, MOTS-c, Semax, Epitalon and more.

A press release claims needle-free, sublingual delivery for popular compounded peptides—just as the FDA's PCAC prepares a July 2026 review of seven peptides.

## Pemvidutide IMPACT 48-Week MASH Data Lands At EASL 2026 Ahead Of Phase 3
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/pemvidutide-impact-phase2b-48week-mash-easl-2026
Published: 2026-05-29
Category: weight-loss-metabolic
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: pemvidutide, MASH, GLP-1, glucagon, Altimmune, IMPACT trial, EASL 2026, Phase 2b
Subtitle: Altimmune's GLP-1/glucagon dual agonist hits triglycerides, fibrosis regression, and weight in a 212-patient biopsy trial

Altimmune's pemvidutide hit 32.4% ELF response, 23.7% triglyceride drop, and 54.5% qFibrosis regression in 212-patient F2/F3 MASH IMPACT Phase 2b at EASL 2026.

## MetaVia's DA-1726 posts -9.1% Phase 1 weight loss and FibroScan signals at EASL Congress 2026
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/da1726-oxyntomodulin-easl-2026-phase1
Published: 2026-05-28
Category: Clinical Research
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: DA-1726, MetaVia, oxyntomodulin, GLP-1/glucagon dual agonist, MASH, EASL 2026, FibroScan, obesity Phase 1
Subtitle: The Cambridge biotech's oxyntomodulin-class GLP-1/glucagon dual agonist hit -9.1% body weight at Day 54 with directional liver-fat and stiffness improvement, sharpening competition with retatrutide.

MetaVia's DA-1726 Phase 1 readout at EASL 2026 showed -9.1% body weight at Day 54 and directional liver-fat improvement in the 48 mg cohort, no plateau.

## Alabama medical board bans research-grade peptide prescribing, closes consent-form workaround
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/alabama-bme-research-grade-peptides-warning-may-2026
Published: 2026-05-27
Category: Regulatory
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: Alabama BME, research-grade peptides, FDA compounding, state medical board, BPC-157, semaglutide compounding, 503A, PCAC July 2026
Subtitle: The State Board of Medical Examiners' May 26 notice forecloses the gray-market clinic model seven weeks before the FDA's July compounding committee meets.

Alabama's medical board on May 26 prohibited physicians from prescribing, compounding, or administering any non-FDA-approved peptide, with no consent-form exception.

## Lilly's SURMOUNT-MAINTAIN and ATTAIN-MAINTAIN: weight-loss maintenance with lower-dose Zepbound or oral Foundayo
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/surmount-maintain-attain-maintain-zepbound-foundayo-eco-2026
Published: 2026-05-26
Category: Clinical Research
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: tirzepatide, orforglipron, semaglutide, GLP-1, weight maintenance, SURMOUNT-MAINTAIN, ATTAIN-MAINTAIN, ECO 2026
Subtitle: Two Phase 3 trials presented at ECO 2026 and published in The Lancet and Nature Medicine show that stepping down or switching to a pill preserves most prior weight loss.

Two Lilly Phase 3 trials show people can hold weight loss with lower-dose Zepbound or daily oral Foundayo after high-dose injectable GLP-1 therapy. Numbers.

## Oral semaglutide (Wegovy pill) gets EU CHMP backing: what it means for GLP-1 access
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/oral-semaglutide-chmp-wegovy-pill
Published: 2026-05-25
Category: Regulation
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: semaglutide, GLP-1, CHMP, EMA, obesity, cardiovascular outcomes, oral peptide drug
Subtitle: A 25 mg once-daily tablet for weight management moves closer to EU approval, with OASIS 4 weight-loss data and SELECT cardiovascular outcomes in the proposed label.

EU regulators recommended a once-daily 25 mg oral semaglutide tablet for obesity. Here’s what the CHMP opinion signals for GLP-1 access, safety, and compounding.

## FDA restores non-injectable GHK-Cu to 503A Category 1 — what it means for peptide compounding
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/ghk-cu-503a-category-1-non-injectable-fda-may-2026
Published: 2026-05-23
Category: Regulation
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: GHK-Cu, FDA, 503A, compounding, PCAC, regulation, topical peptides, copper peptide
Subtitle: A May 14, 2026 FDA reference-document update reverses an April removal of GHK-Cu from the compounding bulks list, with non-injectable use back under evaluation and a PCAC review on the calendar before end of February 2027.

FDA restored non-injectable GHK-Cu to Category 1 of its 503A bulks list on May 14, reversing an April removal — and set a PCAC review before end of February 2027.

## NIH locates semaglutide's brain handle: cAMP in area postrema neurons, and a PDE4 inhibitor that sustains it
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/semaglutide-camp-area-postrema-pde4-roflumilast-nih-may-2026
Published: 2026-05-22
Category: Research
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: semaglutide, GLP-1, cAMP, area postrema, PDE4, roflumilast, NIDDK, mechanism
Subtitle: A new Nature Metabolism paper from NIDDK shows semaglutide's CNS effect runs through cyclic AMP in hindbrain GLP-1R neurons — and that roflumilast can keep that signal on longer.

A Nature Metabolism paper out today identifies cAMP signaling in area postrema neurons as the cellular handle for semaglutide's weight-loss effect.

## Retatrutide hits 28.3% weight loss in TRIUMPH-1: Lilly's triple agonist clears its Phase 3 obesity trial
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/retatrutide-triumph1-phase3-obesity-results-may-2026
Published: 2026-05-21
Category: Clinical Trials
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: retatrutide, TRIUMPH-1, Eli Lilly, obesity, triple agonist, GLP-1, GIP, glucagon, Phase 3
Subtitle: On May 21, 2026, Eli Lilly reported Phase 3 results showing retatrutide outperforms every approved obesity drug — and pushes two thirds of high-dose participants out of clinical obesity entirely.

Lilly's triple-agonist retatrutide produced 28.3% mean weight loss at 80 weeks in TRIUMPH-1, the highest figure reported in any Phase 3 obesity trial.

## Regeneron bets $125M upfront on Parabilis Helicons: antibody-peptide conjugates step out of the shadows
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/parabilis-regeneron-antibody-helicon-conjugates-may-2026
Published: 2026-05-20
Category: Industry
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: Parabilis Medicines, Regeneron, Helicon peptides, antibody-peptide conjugates, stapled peptides, zolucatetide, beta-catenin, drug discovery
Subtitle: A May 18, 2026 deal pairs Regeneron's antibody library with Parabilis's stabilized alpha-helical peptides to build a new class of conjugate drugs across five targets.

Regeneron's $125M upfront plus $2.2B milestone deal with Parabilis bets antibody-Helicon conjugates can drug protein-protein interactions ADCs can't reach.

## FDA warning letter targets retatrutide and tirzepatide ‘research peptides’: what it means for buyers and clinics
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/fda-warning-letter-gram-peptides-retatrutide-tirzepatide
Published: 2026-05-19
Category: Regulation
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: FDA, warning letters, retatrutide, tirzepatide, compounding, research use only
Subtitle: A March 31 FDA letter to Gram Peptides shows how quickly ‘RUO’ claims collapse when marketing reads like a drug label.

The FDA’s March 31, 2026 warning letter to Gram Peptides spotlights how ‘research use only’ peptide sellers can trigger enforcement when claims imply human use.

## Peptideins: Nature's New Category of Human Molecule Adds 1,785 Entries to the Proteome
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/peptideins-nature-microproteins-dark-proteome-transcode-may-2026
Published: 2026-05-18
Category: Peptide Research
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: peptideins, microproteins, dark proteome, TransCODE consortium, ncORF, Nature, GENCODE, UniProt, PeptideAtlas, cancer immunotherapy, HLA immunopeptidome, Princess Maxima Center, EMBL-EBI, Ribo-seq
Subtitle: The TransCODE consortium formally names thousands of dark-proteome translation products 'peptideins' and adds them to GENCODE, UniProt, and PeptideAtlas. Deutsch, Kok, Mudge et al., Nature, May 6, 2026. Implications for cancer immunotherapy, rare disease, and peptide drug discovery.

Nature, May 6: the TransCODE consortium formally names 1,785 microproteins 'peptideins' and adds them to GENCODE, UniProt, and PeptideAtlas as a new annotation class.

## BLMP6: UTHealth's Fibulin-4-Targeting Peptide for Metastatic Breast Cancer
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/blmp6-peptide-fibulin-4-metastatic-breast-cancer-uthealth
Published: 2026-05-17
Category: Oncology Peptides
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: BLMP6, fibulin-4, metastatic breast cancer, triple-negative breast cancer, peptide-drug conjugate, phage display, Kolonin lab, UTHealth Houston, monomethyl auristatin E, MMAE, imaging probe, extracellular matrix
Subtitle: A short synthetic peptide identified by in vivo phage display binds an extracellular matrix protein upregulated around invasive tumors. As an imaging probe it lights up metastases in mice; as a drug conjugate it suppresses them. Kolonin lab, Molecular Therapy Oncology, April 2026.

The Kolonin lab at UTHealth Houston identified BLMP6, a peptide that targets fibulin-4 on invasive breast cancers and delivers MMAE chemotherapy with preclinical efficacy.

## Orforglipron Reaches the Central Amygdala: How Oral GLP-1s Turn Down the Dopamine Reward Circuit
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/orforglipron-central-amygdala-dopamine-reward-circuit
Published: 2026-05-16
Category: Neuroscience & GLP-1
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: orforglipron, danuglipron, GLP-1, central amygdala, dopamine, reward circuit, Nature 2026, University of Virginia, Ali Guler, hedonic feeding, humanized mouse model, substance use disorder
Subtitle: A University of Virginia team using humanized GLP-1 receptor mice mapped the specific brain circuit through which oral small-molecule weight-loss drugs suppress eating for pleasure. The mechanism may also explain reports of reduced alcohol use, blunted cravings, and flattened affect among GLP-1 patients.

A new Nature paper from Ali Guler's UVA lab maps how oral GLP-1 drugs like orforglipron reach the central amygdala and dampen dopamine in the reward circuit.

## FDA’s July 2026 Peptide Compounding Meeting: What PCAC Could Change for BPC-157, TB-500, Semax, and More
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/fda-pcac-peptide-bulks-list-july-2026
Published: 2026-05-15
Category: Regulation
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: FDA, 503A, compounding, PCAC, BPC-157, TB-500, Semax, Epitalon
Subtitle: A plain-English guide to the 503A Bulks List process, the seven peptides on FDA’s agenda, and what ‘Category 2’ changes do—and don’t—mean.

FDA will hold a July 23–24, 2026 PCAC meeting on seven peptide bulk substances. Here’s what it means for 503A compounding and what changes—and what doesn’t.

## Suga Lab's RaPID-ExCells Finds HL4, a Macrocyclic Insulin Receptor Agonist
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/suga-rapid-excells-macrocyclic-peptide-insulin-receptor-agonist
Published: 2026-05-13
Category: Drug Discovery & Platforms
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: RaPID-ExCells, Suga Lab, macrocyclic peptide, insulin receptor, mRNA display, HL4, function-first selection, Angewandte Chemie, University of Tokyo, drug discovery platform
Subtitle: A new mRNA-display platform that screens cyclic peptide libraries against intact cells turned up a function-first hit on the insulin receptor that affinity-only screens would have thrown away. The methodology may be the bigger story than the molecule.

Hiroaki Suga's lab at Tokyo published a cell-based mRNA display platform that found HL4, a cyclic peptide insulin receptor agonist with a 51-hour half-life dimer.

## GEP-44: What the Syracuse Triple-Agonist Peptide Actually Is, and What the Press Got Wrong
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/gep44-triple-agonist-glp1-pyy-syracuse-obesity-peptide
Published: 2026-05-12
Category: Mechanism & Neuroscience
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: GEP-44, triple agonist, GLP-1, peptide YY, Y1 receptor, Y2 receptor, Syracuse University, Robert Doyle, preclinical, obesity peptide
Subtitle: A 44-amino-acid chimeric peptide hitting GLP-1, Y1, and Y2 receptors is real and scientifically interesting. The May 2026 press cycle comparing it to liraglutide oversimplifies a preclinical rodent study against exendin-4. Here is the honest version.

Syracuse's GEP-44 is a chimeric GLP-1/Y1/Y2 peptide with strong rodent and shrew data but no human trials. What the press got wrong, and what to track next.

## Entera Submits Phase 3 Protocol for EB613, the First Oral Anabolic Bone Tablet
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/entera-bio-eb613-oral-peptide-osteoporosis-phase3-fda
Published: 2026-05-11
Category: Regulatory & Industry
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: EB613, Entera Bio, oral peptides, osteoporosis, teriparatide, FDA Phase 3, 505(b)(2), anabolic bone, PTH 1-34
Subtitle: FDA feedback is described as imminent. If approved, EB613 would deliver teriparatide as a swallowed tablet instead of a daily injection — a delivery shift that could reshape who actually receives anabolic osteoporosis therapy.

Entera says EB613, an oral PTH 1-34 tablet, has a Phase 3 protocol at the FDA with feedback expected imminently. The first oral anabolic bone drug.

## GLP-1s, Dopamine, and Falling Out of Love: What the Neuroscience Actually Says
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/glp1-dopamine-romantic-bond-falling-out-of-love
Published: 2026-05-10
Category: Mechanism & Neuroscience
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: GLP-1 receptor agonists, semaglutide, tirzepatide, dopamine, mesolimbic reward, pair bonding, VTA, nucleus accumbens, side effects
Subtitle: Semaglutide and tirzepatide modulate the same mesolimbic dopamine circuits that scaffold pair-bond formation. The mechanism behind the Ozempic relationship reports is real, biologically plausible, and underdiscussed.

GLP-1 receptors sit in the same brain circuits that build romantic bonds. The mechanism users report as falling out of love is biologically plausible.

## Ozempic (Semaglutide) Tablets: What the FDA Label Actually Says (Dosing, Switching, Warnings)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/ozempic-semaglutide-tablets-dosing-label
Published: 2026-05-10
Category: Regulatory
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: Ozempic tablets, Rybelsus, semaglutide, GLP-1, FDA label, dosing, compounding
Subtitle: A label-first guide to the new oral peptide GLP-1 format—and why the 30-day initiation phase matters.

Ozempic tablets are here. We break down the FDA label: strengths, the 30-day start dose (not for glycemic control), switching rules, and boxed warning.

## Avexitide expanded access opens: a GLP-1 receptor antagonist heads to its Phase 3 readout
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/avexitide-expanded-access-lucidity-phase3-pbh
Published: 2026-05-09
Category: Clinical Trials & Drug Development
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: avexitide, Amylyx, GLP-1 antagonist, post-bariatric hypoglycemia, LUCIDITY, expanded access, Phase 3, FDA Breakthrough Therapy
Subtitle: Amylyx opens a U.S. Expanded Access Program for up to 250 adults with post-bariatric hypoglycemia while the LUCIDITY Phase 3 trial heads toward a Q3 2026 readout.

Amylyx opens U.S. expanded access for up to 250 PBH patients on avexitide, the first-in-class GLP-1 antagonist; LUCIDITY Phase 3 readout due Q3 2026 data.

## FDA's second PCAC peptide review: the 5 substances heading to a Feb 2027 meeting
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/pcac-second-tranche-peptides-feb-2027-ll37-ghkcu-dihexa-melanotan-pegmgf
Published: 2026-05-08
Category: Regulation & Policy
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: PCAC, 503A bulks list, LL-37, GHK-Cu, Dihexa, Melanotan II, PEG-MGF, compounding, FDA
Subtitle: LL-37, injectable GHK-Cu, Dihexa, Melanotan II, and PEG-MGF will get their own PCAC hearing on or before February 28, 2027 — separate from the July 2026 seven.

FDA confirms a second PCAC meeting before end of February 2027 will review LL-37, injectable GHK-Cu, Dihexa, Melanotan II, and PEG-MGF for the 503A list.

## Ozempic-branded oral semaglutide hits US pharmacies with primary + secondary CV indication
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/ozempic-oral-pill-us-launch-cardiovascular-2026
Published: 2026-05-07
Category: Regulation & Market
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: semaglutide, Ozempic, Rybelsus, oral GLP-1, SOUL trial, cardiovascular prevention, type 2 diabetes, Novo Nordisk
Subtitle: Novo Nordisk relaunches its oral GLP-1 under the Ozempic name on May 4, with a cardiovascular-prevention label no other oral GLP-1 carries.

Novo Nordisk's oral semaglutide launches as Ozempic tablets on May 4 with a primary + secondary CV prevention label, on the strength of the SOUL trial.

## Semaglutide beats dulaglutide on MACE in 75,243-patient Medicare comparison
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/semaglutide-vs-dulaglutide-cardiovascular-medicare-2026
Published: 2026-05-06
Category: Clinical evidence
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: semaglutide, dulaglutide, GLP-1, MACE, cardiovascular outcomes, Medicare, comparative effectiveness
Subtitle: A propensity-matched study of older adults with type 2 diabetes finds 22% lower three-point MACE on once-weekly semaglutide versus dulaglutide.

A 75,243-patient Medicare propensity-matched study finds once-weekly semaglutide cut three-point MACE 22% versus dulaglutide in older type 2 diabetes adults.

## FDA proposes excluding semaglutide and tirzepatide from the 503B bulks list
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/fda-503b-semaglutide-tirzepatide-exclusion
Published: 2026-05-05
Category: FDA regulation
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: semaglutide, tirzepatide, GLP-1, compounding, 503B, outsourcing facilities, FDA docket
Subtitle: What the June 29, 2026 docket means for compounding, “research use only” marketing, and the next phase of GLP-1 enforcement.

FDA proposed excluding semaglutide, tirzepatide, and liraglutide from the 503B bulks list, setting a June 29, 2026 comment deadline with major impacts.

## FDA's April 7 Warning Letter Batch: How the Bacteriostatic-Water Trigger Is Closing the 'Research Peptides' Lane
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/fda-warning-letters-research-peptide-sellers-glp1-april-2026
Published: 2026-05-04
Category: regulation-policy
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: FDA enforcement, warning letters, GLP-1, research peptides, tirzepatide, retatrutide, semaglutide, bacteriostatic water, intended use doctrine
Subtitle: Seven warning letters to GLP-1 'research peptide' sellers — Gram Peptides, Prime Sciences, Lovega, FormPour, and others — show FDA using intended-use doctrine and bacteriostatic-water pairing to dismantle the 'research use only' workaround.

FDA's April 7 batch of seven warning letters uses bacteriostatic-water pairing to overcome 'research use only' disclaimers on GLP-1 peptide sellers. What changed.

## FDA proposes excluding semaglutide, tirzepatide, and liraglutide from the 503B bulks list
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/fda-503b-glp1-compounding-proposal
Published: 2026-05-03
Category: Regulation
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: FDA, 503B, compounding, GLP-1, semaglutide, tirzepatide, liraglutide, drug shortages
Subtitle: A “no clinical need” finding could narrow large-scale compounding of GLP-1 peptide drugs unless shortages return.

FDA is proposing to exclude semaglutide, tirzepatide, and liraglutide from the 503B bulks list—tightening rules for large-scale compounding of GLP‑1s.

## FDA sets July 2026 PCAC review for key compounding peptides (BPC-157, MOTs-C, Semax)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/fda-pcac-503a-peptide-meeting-july-2026
Published: 2026-05-02
Category: FDA & Policy
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: FDA, PCAC, 503A, compounding, bulk drug substances, BPC-157, MOTs-C, Semax
Subtitle: What the 503A bulks list agenda means—and what it doesn’t—for pharmacies, clinicians, and patients.

FDA’s July 23–24, 2026 PCAC agenda puts seven peptides (BPC-157, KPV, TB-500, MOTs-C, DSIP, Semax, Epithalon) into formal 503A bulks-list review.

## GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Type 1 Diabetes: What the New Cardiorenal Evidence Means
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/glp-1-type-1-diabetes-cardiorenal-evidence-2026
Published: 2026-05-01
Category: cardiovascular
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: GLP-1, Type 1 Diabetes, semaglutide, tirzepatide, cardiovascular, kidney disease, ADA Standards, Nature Medicine
Subtitle: A Hopkins target trial emulation in 174,678 T1D patients found 15% lower MACE and 19% lower ESKD risk with GLP-1 RAs, no DKA signal. The 2026 ADA Standards added the first T1D-and-obesity recommendation. What changed and what is still observational.

A 174,678-patient Hopkins target trial emulation found 15% lower MACE and 19% lower ESKD risk with GLP-1 RAs in T1D, no DKA signal. What it means clinically.

## Pop Peptides and the Evidence Gap: What Knoepfler's STAT Essay Gets Right About BPC-157 and GHK-Cu
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/pop-peptides-evidence-bpc-157-ghk-cu-debate-2026
Published: 2026-04-30
Category: regulation-policy
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: BPC-157, GHK-Cu, FDA, PCAC, 503A compounding, peptide safety, RFK Jr, clinical evidence
Subtitle: A UC Davis scientist says Kennedy's reversal of FDA's 2023 peptide ban runs ahead of the trial data. The evidence on BPC-157 and GHK-Cu, and what PCAC will actually decide on July 23.

A UC Davis scientist's STAT essay says Kennedy's peptide reversal runs ahead of trial data. What's actually published on BPC-157 and GHK-Cu, and what PCAC can do.

## State of Peptides 2026: What the GLP-1 Pipeline and FDA Policy Signals Mean Now
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/state-of-peptides-glp1-regulation-report
Published: 2026-04-29
Category: Regulation
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: FDA, compounding, GLP-1, obesity drugs, RFK, 503A, clinical trials
Subtitle: A new industry report pulls together RFK-era HHS priorities, FDA compounding rules, and the next wave of obesity drugs. Here’s what to watch—and what not to assume.

FormBlends’ 2026 State of Peptides report highlights how FDA compounding policy and the GLP-1 pipeline could reshape peptide access, pricing, and safety in 2026.

## FDA Sets July 23-24 PCAC Vote on Seven Peptides for the 503A Bulks List: BPC-157, KPV, TB-500, MOTs-C, DSIP, Semax, Epitalon
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/fda-pcac-503a-peptide-list-july-2026
Published: 2026-04-28
Category: regulation-policy
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: FDA, PCAC, 503A bulks list, compounding, BPC-157, Epitalon, Semax, TB-500
Subtitle: FDA published the July 2026 PCAC agenda on April 15. Two dockets are open. Comments to FDA-2026-N-2979 must arrive by July 9 to reach the committee before the vote.

FDA's July 23-24 PCAC will vote on seven peptides for the 503A Bulks List. Two dockets are open. July 9 is the cutoff for comments to reach the committee.

## Tirzepatide Linked to Fewer Cardiac Events After PCI and TAVR: Three Propensity-Matched Studies at SCAI 2026 and AACE 2026
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/tirzepatide-pci-tavr-cardiac-outcomes-scai-2026
Published: 2026-04-27
Category: weight-loss-metabolic
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: tirzepatide, GLP-1, PCI, TAVR, SCAI 2026, AACE 2026, cardiovascular outcomes, dulaglutide
Subtitle: Propensity-matched analyses of 86,000 patients in obesity-with-hypothyroidism, plus smaller cohorts after PCI and after transcatheter aortic valve replacement, all show tirzepatide outperforming GLP-1 comparators on hard endpoints.

Three propensity-matched studies presented April 23-24 link tirzepatide to fewer deaths and major cardiovascular events versus GLP-1 comparators in PCI, TAVR, and obese hypothyroid populations.

## Tirzepatide vs Semaglutide Cost-Effectiveness: SURMOUNT-5 Lifetime Model Shows $41,688 Per-Patient Savings
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/tirzepatide-vs-semaglutide-cost-effectiveness-surmount-5
Published: 2026-04-26
Category: Research
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: tirzepatide, semaglutide, SURMOUNT-5, cost-effectiveness, obesity, GLP-1, health economics, Eli Lilly
Subtitle: A peer-reviewed lifetime simulation built on the SURMOUNT-5 head-to-head trial finds tirzepatide dominant on cost and QALYs in U.S. obesity care without type 2 diabetes.

A new lifetime simulation built on SURMOUNT-5 data finds tirzepatide saves $41,688 per patient and adds 0.506 QALYs versus semaglutide.

## FDA Opens Docket FDA-2025-N-6895 for July 2026 PCAC Peptide Review
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/fda-2025-n-6895-pcac-peptide-public-comments
Published: 2026-04-25
Category: Regulation & Policy
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: PCAC, FDA docket, 503A compounding, peptides, BPC-157, MOTs-C, KPV, TB-500, Semax, Epitalon
Subtitle: Seven peptides go before the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee on July 23–24. Here is what FDA is actually weighing — and what removal from Category 2 does not change.

FDA opened docket FDA-2025-N-6895 ahead of the July 23–24, 2026 PCAC meeting on seven peptides. What is on the agenda and what stays unchanged for 503A compounding.

## FDA Import Alert 66-80: GLP-1 and Peptide Bulk API Now Detained at the Border
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/fda-import-alert-66-80-glp1-peptide-bulk-drug-substances
Published: 2026-04-24
Category: Regulation & Policy
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: FDA enforcement, Import Alert, GLP-1, semaglutide, tirzepatide, 503A compounding, 503B, peptide supply chain, CGMP, customs
Subtitle: FDA activates Detention Without Physical Examination (DWPE) for semaglutide, tirzepatide, liraglutide, exenatide, dulaglutide, retatrutide, and certain peptide drug products — what it means for compounders, telehealth, and research-peptide supply

FDA has updated Import Alert 66-80 to authorize Detention Without Physical Examination for bulk GLP-1 API (semaglutide, tirzepatide, liraglutide, exenatide, dulaglutide, retatrutide) and certain peptide drug products. The agency is moving enforcement upstream — choking off the compounded GLP-1 market at the port instead of chasing pharmacies and telehealth clinics one at a time.

## SAB-142 Phase 1 Data: C-Peptide Preservation in Established Type 1 Diabetes
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/sab-142-phase-1-type-1-diabetes-c-peptide-preservation
Published: 2026-04-23
Category: Research & Discovery
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: Type 1 Diabetes, C-peptide, SAB-142, clinical trials, autoimmune, biologics, CGM, time-in-range, SAFEGUARD, endocrinology
Subtitle: SAB Biotherapeutics reports all four treated adults preserved endogenous C-peptide at Day 120, with CGM time-in-range climbing from 73% to 85%

At IDS 2026 on April 22, SAB Biotherapeutics reported that all four adults with established Type 1 Diabetes dosed with SAB-142 preserved endogenous C-peptide at Day 120, with mean CGM time-in-range climbing from 73% to 85%. A small but mechanistically coherent signal in a disease where C-peptide almost always declines.

## FDA’s Peptide ‘Rally’ Update: Supply Chain and Enforcement Are the Real Bottlenecks
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/fda-peptide-rally-supply-chain-enforcement-risk
Published: 2026-04-22
Category: Regulation & Policy
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: FDA, PCAC, 503A, compounding, API, compliance, telehealth, BPC-157, TB-500, peptide regulation
Subtitle: FDA Law Blog (Post 2) explains why compliant API sourcing and marketing enforcement may matter more than Category 2 headlines

A fresh follow-up from the FDA Law Blog (Apr 22, 2026) argues the biggest barrier to “peptides being legal again” isn’t just the PCAC calendar — it’s whether pharmacies can source pharmaceutical-grade peptide API (with COAs from FDA-registered establishments) and whether telehealth-style marketing triggers the same enforcement playbook FDA used against compounded GLP-1 promotions.

## FDA’s ‘Peptide Rally’: What Changed — and What Hasn’t (Yet)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/fda-peptide-rally-category-2-not-legal-yet
Published: 2026-04-21
Category: Regulation & Policy
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: FDA, PCAC, 503A, compounding, BPC-157, TB-500, MOTS-C, Semax, Epithalon, peptide regulation
Subtitle: A plain-English guide to Category 2 removal, the July 2026 PCAC hearing, and why formal rulemaking still matters for 503A compounding

A new analysis from the FDA Law Blog explains why the FDA’s recent ‘Category 2 removal’ headlines don’t automatically make peptides like BPC-157 and TB-500 legal to compound. Here’s what the FDA actually scheduled (PCAC in July 2026), why notice-and-comment rulemaking still matters, and what patients and pharmacies should watch next.

## How to Submit Public Comments on FDA Peptide Compounding (Docket FDA-2025-N-6895)
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/fda-public-comment-peptide-compounding-guide-2026
Published: 2026-04-20
Category: Regulation & Policy
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: FDA, public comment, PCAC, compounding, 503A, BPC-157, peptide regulation
Subtitle: A step-by-step guide to making your voice heard before the July 2026 PCAC meeting deadline

The FDA has opened docket FDA-2025-N-6895 for public comments on seven peptides — including BPC-157, TB-500, Semax, and Epitalon — ahead of the July 23–24, 2026 PCAC hearing. Here's exactly how to submit your comment, request an oral presentation, and make your voice count before the July 9 priority deadline.

## FDA Sets July 2026 PCAC Hearing for BPC-157, TB-500, MOTS-C, Semax, and More
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/fda-pcac-july-2026-bpc-157-tb-500-mots-c-semax-epitalon
Published: 2026-04-18
Category: Regulation & Policy
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: FDA, PCAC, compounding, 503A, BPC-157, TB-500, MOTS-C, Semax, Epitalon, KPV, DSIP
Subtitle: What the FDA will review at the July 23–24 Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee meeting — and what it means for compounded peptides

The FDA has published the agenda for its July 23–24, 2026 Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee (PCAC) meeting, naming seven peptides—including BPC-157, TB-500, MOTS-C, Semax, and Epitalon—for discussion as potential additions to the 503A bulks list. Here’s what’s on the agenda, what “uses evaluated” means, and what to watch before July.

## BRP: Stanford's AI-Discovered Peptide That Could Replace Ozempic
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/brp-stanford-ai-peptide-ozempic-alternative
Published: 2026-04-18
Category: Research & Discovery
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: BRP, GLP-1, Ozempic, Semaglutide, Stanford, AI Drug Discovery, Weight Loss, Obesity
Subtitle: A 12-amino-acid molecule found by AI targets only the brain's appetite center — no nausea, no muscle loss, no GI side effects

Stanford researchers used an AI algorithm called Peptide Predictor to scan 20,000 human genes and discovered BRP — a naturally occurring 12-amino-acid peptide that reduces food intake by 50% in animal models, causes fat-specific weight loss, and produces none of the nausea, muscle loss, or GI side effects associated with Ozempic. Here's what the Nature paper actually shows, and why it matters.

## FDA Peptide Reclassification 2026: Which 12 Peptides Are Being Restored Under RFK Jr.
URL: https://www.peptideknow.com/blog/fda-peptide-reclassification-2026-rfk-bpc-157-tb-500
Published: 2026-04-17
Category: Regulation & Policy
Author: PeptideKnow Editorial
Tags: FDA, RFK Jr, peptide ban, BPC-157, TB-500, compounding, PCAC, regulation, Category 2, MAHA
Subtitle: A comprehensive guide to the FDA's reversal on compounded peptides, the PCAC review timeline, and what it means for patients and providers

In April 2026, the FDA announced it would remove 12 peptides from its Category 2 list, reversing a sweeping 2023 ban that cut off patient access to compounds like BPC-157, TB-500, and Semax. Here's the full breakdown of what changed, which peptides are affected, and the timeline ahead.