Copper Peptide GHK
Also known as: Gly-His-Lys, GHK free tripeptide, Human plasma tripeptide
Overview
GHK (Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) is the copper-free form of the GHK-Cu complex naturally present in human plasma, saliva, and urine. Serum levels decline dramatically with age—from approximately 200 ng/mL at age 20 to under 80 ng/mL by age 60—correlating with impaired healing and reduced tissue maintenance. The peptide alone has some biological activity but achieves its full spectrum of effects when complexed with copper (Cu²⁺) to form GHK-Cu. Both forms are used in cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical research.
Mechanism of Action
GHK functions as a signal peptide that modulates gene expression across thousands of genes involved in tissue remodeling, inflammation resolution, and antioxidant defense. As a copper carrier, GHK-Cu delivers Cu²⁺ to copper-dependent enzymes including lysyl oxidase (collagen/elastin crosslinking), superoxide dismutase (antioxidant), and cytochrome c oxidase (mitochondrial electron transport). The copper complex also activates prolyl hydroxylase and collagen I/III synthesis while inhibiting matrix metalloproteinases that degrade existing collagen.
Potential Benefits
- Collagen and elastin synthesis stimulation
- Wound healing acceleration
- Anti-inflammatory via IL-6 and TNF-α suppression
- Hair follicle enlargement and hair density improvement
- Antioxidant gene expression via Nrf2 pathway
- Skin tightening and wrinkle reduction in cosmeceutical use
Dosage Protocols
The following reflects doses used in published research studies. This is not medical advice. Consult a qualified healthcare professional.
| Beginner | Topical 0.1% serum applied 1x daily at night |
| Intermediate | Topical 1% serum applied 2x daily, or 1-2 mg SC weekly |
| Advanced | Topical 2% serum + 2 mg SC weekly |
| Cycle Duration | Topical: continuous; injectable: 4-12 week cycles |
Same molecule as GHK-Cu. Topical use most common; injectable use for skin/hair/healing research.
Use our Reconstitution Calculator to determine exact syringe units for your protocol.
Routes of Administration
Topical (cream/serum) Moderate skin penetration
Gold standard for cosmetic use. Apply to clean, dry skin 1-2x daily.
Subcutaneous Injection High systemic
Less common; used in research protocols for hair regrowth and wound healing.
Microneedling / Mesotherapy Enhanced dermal delivery
Intradermal micro-injections combined with microneedling for hair/scalp applications.
Read our full Routes of Administration Guide for detailed comparison of all delivery methods.
Stacking Protocols
Popular research stacks involving Copper Peptide GHK:
Skin Rejuvenation Stack
Classic cosmetic peptide stack — GHK-Cu for collagen/remodeling, Matrixyl for fibroblast stimulation, Argireline for expression line reduction.
Hair Regrowth Stack
Topical or mesotherapy combination for androgenetic alopecia research.
Explore our complete Peptide Stacking Guide for more combinations and safety considerations.
Reconstitution
| Storage | Store at room temperature, away from light and heat |
|---|
Topical/cosmetic peptide — comes pre-formulated. No reconstitution needed.
Need exact syringe measurements?
Amino Acid Sequence
Gly-His-Lys
Side Effects & Safety
- Generally well-tolerated topically
- Rare local skin irritation or contact dermatitis
Safety & Contraindications
This information is for educational purposes only. Consult a qualified healthcare provider before using any peptide.
Pregnancy / Lactation
Pharmacokinetics
| Half-Life | Not well characterized for this peptide; consult primary literature |
|---|---|
| Storage | Store cream/serum at room temperature away from direct sunlight and heat. Refrigeration optional to extend shelf life. |
Synergistic Compounds
The following compounds have been studied alongside Copper Peptide GHK for potential complementary or synergistic effects:
Learn More
References & Further Reading
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