Danuglipron (Pfizer Discontinued Oral GLP-1)
Also known as: PF-06882961, Pfizer oral GLP-1
Overview
Danuglipron is a non-peptide small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist that Pfizer advanced through clinical development for obesity and type 2 diabetes before discontinuing the program in April 2025 over liver-safety concerns observed in a single Phase 3 participant. Like Eli Lilly's orforglipron, danuglipron binds human GLP-1 receptor by docking against a pocket that requires the tryptophan side chain at position 33 of the extracellular domain. Mice carry a serine at that position, and danuglipron does not bind the mouse receptor at meaningful concentrations. Studying danuglipron pharmacology in vivo therefore required the humanized GLP-1 receptor mouse models developed by groups including the Guler lab at the University of Virginia. In the Godschall et al. Nature paper published May 6, 2026, danuglipron was used alongside orforglipron and liraglutide to demonstrate that small-molecule oral GLP-1 receptor agonists recruit a previously uncharacterized central amygdala circuit that suppresses dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens and selectively reduces hedonic feeding. Although Pfizer halted danuglipron development, the molecule remains a critical reference compound for the small-molecule oral GLP-1 class and is used in academic preclinical studies of GLP-1 receptor pharmacology. Danuglipron is not approved for any indication, was never marketed, and is not available outside research settings.
Mechanism of Action
Non-peptide small-molecule agonist at the human GLP-1 receptor. Binds an extracellular pocket adjacent to the orthosteric site, with a critical contact at tryptophan-33 of the receptor. Activates Gs-coupled signaling and cAMP production. In humanized GLP-1 receptor mouse models, danuglipron engages canonical hypothalamic and hindbrain GLP-1 receptor networks that suppress homeostatic feeding, and additionally recruits a central amygdala circuit that reduces dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens to suppress hedonic feeding.
Potential Benefits
- Oral bioavailability (twice-daily formulation as tested in Pfizer trials)
- Significant reductions in body weight and HbA1c in Phase 2 trials
- Non-peptide manufacturing avoids the cost structure of recombinant peptide GLP-1s
- Used as a reference compound for understanding small-molecule GLP-1 brain pharmacology
Research Dosage Notes
The following reflects doses used in published research studies. This is not medical advice.
Twice-daily oral dosing was used in Phase 2 trials at doses up to 120 mg BID. Not applicable for clinical use as the drug is unapproved.
Routes of Administration
Oral (tablet, as formulated in Pfizer trials)
Read our full Routes of Administration Guide for detailed comparison of all delivery methods.
Reconstitution
Need exact syringe measurements?
Amino Acid Sequence
Not applicable - non-peptide small molecule
Side Effects & Safety
- Gastrointestinal: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea (class effect)
- Hepatic enzyme elevations reported in Phase 2 and Phase 3 trials
- Single Phase 3 participant developed drug-induced liver injury leading to program discontinuation
Safety & Contraindications
This information is for educational purposes only. Consult a qualified healthcare provider before using any peptide.
Not applicable - unapproved compound
Drug Interactions
- Likely class effects similar to other GLP-1 agonists: delayed gastric emptying may affect oral drug absorption
FDA Safety Information
Not approved by FDA. Hepatic adverse event observed in Phase 3 trial led to program discontinuation in April 2025.
Pharmacokinetics
| Half-Life | Approximately 5 to 6 hours, consistent with twice-daily dosing |
|---|---|
| Storage | Not applicable - no commercial product |
Synergistic Compounds
The following compounds have been studied alongside Danuglipron (Pfizer Discontinued Oral GLP-1) for potential complementary or synergistic effects:
Learn More
References & Further Reading
Latest News & Research
View all articles →
Lilly's SURMOUNT-MAINTAIN and ATTAIN-MAINTAIN: weight-loss maintenance with lower-dose Zepbound or oral Foundayo
Two Lilly Phase 3 trials show people can hold weight loss with lower-dose Zepbound or daily oral Foundayo after high-dose injectable GLP-1 therapy. Numbers.
Oral semaglutide (Wegovy pill) gets EU CHMP backing: what it means for GLP-1 access
EU regulators recommended a once-daily 25 mg oral semaglutide tablet for obesity. Here’s what the CHMP opinion signals for GLP-1 access, safety, and compounding.
FDA restores non-injectable GHK-Cu to 503A Category 1 — what it means for peptide compounding
FDA restored non-injectable GHK-Cu to Category 1 of its 503A bulks list on May 14, reversing an April removal — and set a PCAC review before end of February 2027.
NIH locates semaglutide's brain handle: cAMP in area postrema neurons, and a PDE4 inhibitor that sustains it
A Nature Metabolism paper out today identifies cAMP signaling in area postrema neurons as the cellular handle for semaglutide's weight-loss effect.